Objectives To determine the inhibition effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea extract on neuronal necroptosis based on necroptosis morphology. Methods In vivo study was performed on male Rattus norvegicus middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model divided into five groups, MCAO-control groups, EGCG 10 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 20 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day, and green tea extract 30 mg/kg BW/day for 7 days treatment. MCAO model was made by modification method using Bulldog clamp. After 7 days of treatment, all R. norvegicus were sacrificed. After that, examination using Hematoxylin–Eosin stain was conducted to look at necroptosis morphology in each group. Results We found that there are significant differences between control group and the other three groups (EGCG 20 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day, and green tea extract (p<0.05). There is a significant correlation between the number of neuron cell necroptosis and both EGCG and green tea extract (p<0.05). The correlation is negative, which means both EGCG and green tea extract will decrease the number of neuron cell necroptosis. EGCG will decrease neuron cell necroptosis starting from the dose of 20 mg/kg BW/day. EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day produces the best result compared to other doses. Conclusions Camellia sinensis (green tea) with its active compound EGCG decreases neuronal necroptosis morphology in MCAO models.
Dyslipidemia is the main risk factor for atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease, one of the important health problems in the Asia Pacific region. Several dyslipidemia treatment modalities such as statins and monoclonal antibodies were considered less effective both from the aspect of cost or toxic side effect. The aim of this study is to describe the potential of lipid nanoparticle-mediated efficient delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) as new therapeutic genome editing modalities for potential long-lasting treatment of dyslipidemia. The method used in this study is to explore the literature in the form of systematic reviews, metaanalysis, and randomized control trials (RCTs) through several search engines such as Sciencedirect, Pubmed, and Google Schoolar in the last 10 years. The outcome of this study is to review the effectiveness of PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 inhibition in lowering cholesterol levels making both genes as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Currently, an efficient way to permanently inhibit both genes has been developed using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), the most effective non-viral delivery modalities that work specifically on the liver. A single administration of LNPs-CRISPR/Cas9 in mice produced undetectable PCSK9 serum levels more than 80% and a drop of total cholesterol by 35%-40%. Meanwhile, CRISPR/Cas9 targeting ANGPTL3 resulted in a greater decrease in triglycerides on 7 day post-treatment. As a conclusion, genome editing therapy based on CRISPR/Cas9 lipid nanoparticles targeting PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 is promising for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
Introduction: As of 31st December 2021, there have been 4,262,540 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 144,088 death cases in Indonesia. COVID-19 pandemic has affected the nutrition aspect, as an increasing number of undernutrition children also increases risk of obesity. Our group conducts webinars with the purpose of increasing public knowledge and awareness regarding general well-being: importance of adequate nutrition to increase immunity in the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the study is to examine webinar participants' knowledge before and after webinar. Method: The webinar conducted through a zoom meeting for 2 hours consists of 1 hour education and 1 hour question and answer session. The participants asked to fill a pretest before the webinar session and posttest after the webinar session. The results were statistically examined to determine the difference between pretest and posttest score. Results: The webinar participant’s demographic characteristics were dominated by 17-45 years old age group, high school graduates, and female participants. There is a significant difference (p<0.05) between pre and post-test score evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. After the webinar, there is a decreased number of participants with low-level nutritional knowledge from 31 to 23 participants. Conclusion: There is an increase in knowledge about the importance of adequate nutrition to increase immunity in the COVID-19 pandemic from pre and post-test data. Thus, this webinar contributes to providing knowledge to participants in supporting the strengthening of socialization of adequate nutrition during COVID-19 pandemic.
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