The placement of endosseous implants in posterior edentulous maxilla is normally a challenging task in implant dentistry due to maxillary sinus pneumatization. Various sinus augmentation techniques have been used with impressive success rates aimed at developing these sites for implant placement. Knowledge of anatomy of maxillary sinus guides us not only in proper preoperative treatment planning but also helps us to avoid the possible complications that may arise during sinus augmentation procedure. This topic attracts a rising number of publications with most of them reporting results that suggest, the patients with atrophic maxillae requiring implant treatment can benefit considerably from the use of sinus augmentation. This article explains the basic techniques, namely, direct and indirect techniques used for maxillary sinus elevation and augmentation.
Aim:The study aimed to investigate the proximity of maxillary posterior teeth roots to maxillary sinus and measure the distance of maxillary posterior teeth roots and the sinus floor as well as the thickness of bone between the roots and alveolar cortical bone using Denta scan®.Materials and Methods:The study samples include Denta scan® images of fifty patients with normally erupted bilateral maxillary first premolar to maxillary second molar. The vertical relationship of each tooth root with maxillary sinus is classified into four types of Denta scan® images (based on the classification by Jung in 2009). The distance between the sinus floor and root, and the bone thickness between the root and alveolar cortical plate will be measured and analyzed.Conclusion:The buccal root of the maxillary molars was more commonly protruded into the maxillary sinus. Among the roots of maxillary posterior teeth, mesiobuccal root of first molar and palatal root of second premolar were found in close proximity to the floor of maxillary sinus. The bone thickness on the buccal aspect to the root was significantly thinner in the maxillary first premolar and maxillary first molar as compared to other maxillary posterior teeth roots.Clinical Significance:Knowledge of anatomical relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus guides us not only in proper preoperative treatment planning but also avoids the possible complications encounter while performing the minor oral surgical procedures involving maxillary posterior teeth, which are close to the maxillary sinus.
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal diclofenac patch versus oral diclofenac tablet as analgesic following premolar extractions in orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three symmetrical pairs of indicated premolars (either first or second) were included for the present study. Each patient was given either transdermal diclofenac sodium patch 100 mg once a day or oral diclofenac tablet 50 mg twice a day for 3 days after the extraction. Pain was assessed by a 10-point visual analog scale and 4-point verbal rating scale given to the patient for each day for 3 days after the extraction. All observational findings were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed statistically. Results: This study consisted of 33 patients with a mean age of 18.73 ± 3.677 years. Out of 33 patients included in this study, 5 were male and 28 were female. The result of the study showed that consecutive postoperative days transdermal diclofenac patch was slightly more efficient in controlling the postoperative pain in the extraction done for the orthodontic purpose than diclofenac oral tablet, however statistically no significant difference was observed using Chi-square test ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Transdermal diclofenac patch showed potential analgesic modality for the management of mild-to-moderate intensity pain in premolar orthodontic extraction, with lower incidence of systemic adverse effects. However, cost and availability may limit the use of transdermal patch.
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