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Highlights8 factors predict the viability of vaccine manufacturers in developing countries.These factors have evolved as the vaccine landscape has changed over 2 decades.A new analysis updates a framework first published in 1997 to assess viability.The updated framework is useful for assessing investments in vaccine manufacturers.

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This paper describes the innovations required from companies, local authorities and national governments to make manufacturing industry contribute to sustainable development in cities. It argues that the urban dimension has often been overlooked in discussions on industry and sustainable development, with most attention focusing on the roles of the individual firm and/or national policy in achieving change. The paper then presents a series of examples to demonstrate how industry will need to become responsible not only for the social and environmental performance of its own production activities but also for the sourcing of raw material inputs "upstream" and for the emissions and wastes that its products generate "downstream".