The purpose of this retrospective medical audit was to evaluate the effect of discontinuing routine administration of oral contrast material to oncology patients undergoing follow-up multidetector computed tomography (CT) on reader evaluation of study adequacy. Analysis of 100 patients' experience of CT shows that positive oral contrast material was their least pleasant experience (P < .0001). Abandoning the routine use of positive oral contrast material for follow-up scans in general oncology patients undergoing multidetector CT, with section reconstruction thickness of 2.5 mm, was audited for 447 patents and included 5-13-month follow-up. The patient satisfaction study and clinical audit were performed according to local institutional audit guidelines. Since this was a clinical audit project, ethical approval was not required under UK National Health Service research governance arrangements. No patient needed to be recalled, no related diagnostic error has been reported, and follow-up CT, available in 285 of 447 cases (64%), revealed no error on the audited scan. We conclude that the routine use of positive oral contrast material is unnecessary for follow-up multidetector CT for general oncology indications.
Activation of organic chlorides is a challenging reaction due to their chemical inertness, while hydrogenation of alkene and alkynes faces poor selectivity. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of nickel-loaded black gold (black Au−Ni) that absorbs broadband light from visible to near-infrared of the sunlight due to plasmonic coupling between Au NPs, for photocatalytic hydrodechlorination and propene and acetylene hydrogenation reactions. Hot carriers, the polarizing electric field, and the photothermal effect generated in these catalysts enabled photocatalytic bond activation of these two challenging reactions using visible light at lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The black Au−Ni catalyst showed a multifold increase in its activity as compared to black Au. The plasmon-assisted reaction mechanism of hydrodechlorination was supported by intensity-dependent catalysis, kinetic isotope effect (KIE), competitive C−Cl bond activation with one-electron ferricyanide reduction, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, and quantum chemical studies. Cluster model-based density functional theory studies show that the reactions have substantial barriers, which were bypassed via an excited state accessed through plasmonic excitations. FDTD studies indicate substantial enhancement of the electric field at the hotspots, iron reduction competed for hot carriers when run in conjunction with C−Cl bond activation, KIE was marginally higher in light as compared to the dark, and the catalyst showed power-dependent activity. These observations indicated the hot carrier involvement in the hydrodechlorination reactions in addition to the photothermal effect.
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