This paper presents a systematic study on the role of particle size in pure and doped nanocrystalline TiO2 photocatalysts, which was made possible by a versatile wet-chemical process capable of generating near-agglomeration-free TiO2 with well-controlled particle sizes and dopant dispersion. It is shown that particle size is a crucial factor in the dynamics of the electron/hole recombination process. For TiO2 particles with 6 or 11 nm diameter, Fe3+ dopants were added to inhibit the charge carrier surface recombination. The optimal Fe3+ dopant concentration for different particle sizes was identified, and this concentration was found to decrease with increasing particle size. To assist electron and hole separation in TiO2 with 21 nm diameter, Nb5+ dopants were introduced in combination with minor surface Pt dispersion. These carefully engineered nanocrystalline TiO2 catalysts showed higher reactivities than Degussa P25 TiO2 material in photocatalytic decomposition of chloroform.

Penanaman pohon pada sektor swasta dewasa ini menjadi salah satu nilai penting didalam keseriusan perusahaan dalam mengurangi emisi karbon, salah satunya berkaitan dengan Carbon offset yang merupakan serapan energi berkelanjutan untuk mengimbangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil yang menghasilkan karbon, sehingga monitoring/ inventarisasi keberadaan pohon yang ditanam oleh perusahaan sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Inventarisasi pohon menjadi salah satu kegiatan periodik yang dilakukan guna untuk mengetahui perkembangan pertumbuhan dari pohon yang di tanaman oleh perusahaan. Umumnya inventarisasi yang dilakukan masih menggunakan tally sheet, akan tetapi memiliki efektifitas yang rendah dalam hal tabulasi data sehingga diperlukan satu terobosan untuk menunjang efektifitas inventarisasi tersebut. Jejak.in merupakan salah satu platfom digital yang mengembangkan pemantauan pohon dan jejak karbon berbasis digital (aplikasi android) sehingga perlu untuk dilakukan uji implementasi dalam perpektif efektifitas. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Taman Keanekaragaman hayati (KEHATI) PT. Tirta Investama Pabrik Klaten/ AQUA Klaten Kecamatan Polanharjo, Desa Wangen dan Ponggok dengan durasi waktu 1 bulan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode sensus yang artinya total keseluruhan pohon di Taman KEHATI AQUA Klaten diambil secara menyeluruh dan merata. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunakan aplikasi Jejak.in mampu memberikan efektifitas pengambilan data dan memberikan informasi secara lengkap pada luasan 4,86 Ha dengan total 1048 Pohon yang terdiri dari 59 spesies dengan kesehatan pohon kondisi baik sebanyak 958 pohon, kering sebanyak 26 pohon, terkena hama sebanyak 61 pohon, kondisi mati sebanyak 3 pohon, sedangkan pada taksiran stok karbon di Taman KEHATI AQUA Klaten pada 5 tahun mendatang (2026)  sebesar 40,003 Gt . Kata kunci : Karbon, jejak.in, Pemantauan

This paper examines, enunciates, and makes explicit a set of market principles historically relied upon by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to regulate wholesale electricity markets as required under the Federal Power Act (FPA). These identified competitive market principles are supported by policy and legal foundations that run through a myriad of FERC orders and court decisions. This paper seeks to make that history and those implicit market principles explicit by distilling and organizing Commission Orders and court decisions. It concludes that five market principles, each with multiple subprinciples, can be identified as elemental to how FERC understands and implements its statutory authority. Clear articulation of these foundational principles should help guide engaged entities as wholesale power markets continue to evolve. Market Principle 1 states that wholesale market revenues should predominantly flow from well-designed energy and ancillary services markets. Market structures generally are found to be preferable to non-market structures. Moreover, energy and ancillary services markets, in relationship to wholesale capacity markets, are better able to efficiently promote a least-cost resource. Market Principle 2 states that when altering market design, FERC and Independent System Operators (ISOs) should focus on only those services that are clearly needed, and ensure that any market design change does not unduly discriminate between resources. Market design changes focused on technology-neutral and well-defined granular services will help ensure that the design change does not lead to undue discrimination or preference that effectively favors certain resources. When such an impact still occurs, strong evidence showing that the rules are not unreasonable and arbitrary and that no non-unduly discriminatory and preferential alternative exists must support the change. Market Principle 3 states that interventions that distort transparent and accurate pricing should be minimized. Out-of-market interventions, in particular, have the potential to distort price signals and undermine competition. Market Principle 4 states that FERC’s just and reasonable standard strongly favors rate decreasing outcomes. Markets are premised on the economic presumption that competition reduces prices, in furtherance of the just and reasonable standard. Market Principle 5 states that FERC and ISOs should facilitate and not undermine state public policy preferences. FERC and ISOs are not well-situated to serve as decision-makers in determining which state public policy preferences should be given effect. State public policy preferences that do not run afoul of FERC’s authority under the FPA should thus be given full effect.