BACKGROUND The multi-organ disorder, diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be one of the commonest and challenging health-related problems in the 20th century, prevalent in about 9.3 % of the world's population in 2019 and likely to affect 10.2 % by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders of multiple aetiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to derangement in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Electrolytes are crucial in maintaining various metabolic functions and play a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy state's body. Diabetic patients are more prone to and frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders due to hyperglycaemia, polydipsia and polyuria. METHODS Our study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 60 years with age and sex-matched controls. They were grouped into two groups; the first group, group-1 (healthy controls) and the second group was group-2 (patients of diabetes mellitus on oral hypoglycaemic agents with poor control). 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected in a plain vacutainer tube in the morning after a zerocalorie overnight 08 hours fast. Post collection, the blood sample was used as serum or plasma or whole blood to estimate plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride by kit methods using an auto analyser. RESULTS Among the various parameters tested, the mean value of fasting plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum potassium, serum chloride were higher in group-2 (diabetic patients) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. The value of the mean of serum sodium was lower in group-2 (diabetes mellitus) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that electrolyte abnormalities are present in diabetic patients and maybe a root cause for associated morbidity or mortality. These disturbances are generally seen in decompensated Diabetes Mellitus patients, elderly individuals and in the presence of renal impairment. KEYWORDS Diabetes Mellitus, Serum Electrolytes, Fasting Blood Glucose
BACKGROUND Kidneys are vital organs for excretory and many other biochemical functions in the human body. Most chronic diseases end up damaging the kidneys, acute to chronic, based on the cause and duration. Chronic kidney disease is a sequence of damages to the renal cells and parenchyma leading to progressive deterioration of kidney function, which eventually develops into terminal stage of chronic kidney failure. Chronic renal failure leads to a pro-oxidant state, which leads to damage to the renal cells and parenchyma and the amount of intracellular oxidative stress or extracellular oxidative stress has a relation to the severity of renal failure either directly or indirectly. The study aimed to find the correlation between high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). METHODS This prospective study was designed and conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 in the Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Ananthapuramu. The study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 65 years. The subjects of the approved study plan were divided into two groups; 35 subjects were healthy controls (group-1), and 35 subjects were chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. A blood sample was collected in Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu. RESULTS The sample was analysed for estimation of blood urea, plasma glucose, serum creatinine, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The mean value of blood urea, serum creatinine, serum hs-CRP, serum MDA was higher in CRF (group-2) patients when compared to healthy controls (group-1) (p < 0.0001). We observed a positive correlation between serum MDA and serum creatinine (r = 0.46832), hs-CRP (r = 0.0234). CONCLUSIONS In CRF, oxidative stress is obviously evident, but the inflammation induced oxidative stress which can be corrected if detected early will reduce oxidative damage. Our study shows that there is an elevation in hs-CRP and MDA which confirms the presence of oxidative damage, inflammation and probably inflammation induced oxidative damage. KEYWORDS CRF, Oxidative Stress, MDA, Serum Creatinine, hs-CRP
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