Background: Depression is common among people with diabetes and it is associated with poor outcomes. This study was carried out to investigate the association of depression with various complications of type 2 diabetes and to find out any correlation between type of complications and depression. Methods: 200 patients with established T2DM attending the Outpatient department and indoor wards of Medicine Department of Rajindra Hospital, Patiala were evaluated for depression by a previously validated depression questionnaire [PHQ-12 item]. Results: Patients with T2DM (n=200) were evaluated [94 (47%) male and 106 (53%) female]. Maximum number of patients i.e. 68(34%) were in 51-60 years age group. 57(28.5%) patients out of 200 had depression. Depression was commonly associated with retinopathy (68.57%), followed by neuropathy (61.2%), nephropathy (59.57%) & CAD (25.45%). It was most commonly associated with PDR (100 %) and least commonly with CAD. Conclusion: This study showed high prevalence of depression in patients with T2DM. The prevalence of depression is higher in T2DM subjects with retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy compared to those without the respective complications. The Chances of becoming depressed increased with increase in number of complications.

Background: Since the availability of highly potent anti-retro viral drugs, the management of the human immunodeficiency virus infection has significantly improved and has increased the patient's survival rate. This increased longevity has unmasked many complications like dyslipidaemias which place them at higher risk of developing atherosclerotic vascular disease. The present study was conducted to compare the prevalence of Dyslipidaemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis among newly diagnosed HIV Reactive patients and Those on ART for 6 months. Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted among 200 subjects who attended Medicine OPD, ART Centre and admitted in various medical Wards of Rajindra Hospital, Patiala over a period of 2 years from November 2014 to October 2016. 100 newly diagnosed HIV reactive subjects as per NACO guidelines but not on ART of age 20 years and above were included in Group A while 100 subjects of similar age group on ART for 6 months included in group B. The subjects having thyroid disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and those on hypolipidemic drugs were excluded from the study. Lipid profile was estimated biochemically and CIMT was measured using high resolution B mode ultrasonography system. Data generated from the study was analyzed according to standard statistical methods. Non normaldistribution variables were applied MannWhitney rank sum testand normal distributed variables by't' test. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was applied to measure the correlation between two variables. Result: The study observed a significant higher levels of Serum Total Cholestrol (TC) (182.13+24.88 mg/dl Vs 160.69+18.49 mg/dl), Triglycerides (TG) (162.70+26.15 mg/dl vs 141.23+22.99 mg/dl), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL¬-c) (110.72+22.76 mg/dl vs 94.30+16.89 mg/dl), Very low density lipoprotein(VLDL-c)(32.54+5.23 mg/dl vs 28.21+4.62 mg/dl), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL¬-c)(39.66+3.36 mg/dl vs 38.18+3.83 mg/dl) and CIMT(0.93+0.145 mm vs 0.85+0.138 mm) among subjects on ARTas compared to newly diagnosed HIV reactive subjects. Conclusion: It is evident from our study that there was significantly greater prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV reactive patients on ART as compared to newly diagnosed HIV reactive patients though it was there in both. Our study also suggested the role of HAART in the development of carotid atherosclerosis in HIV patients. HAART has dramatically reduced the morbidity and the mortality in HIV infected patients but we should not overlook these possible complications related to dyslipidemia and carotid atherosclerosis. Hence, a periodical screening and long term follow up of all the HIV patients who are on ART should be done to assess and timely detect risks associated with them.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is one of the common endocrine dysfunction in HIV Positive patients. Newly Diagnosed HIV Positive patients are rarely monitored for this problem. Objective:-To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients & to Correlate it with CD4 Count. Methods: A prevalence study was carried out on 150 newly diagnosed HIV Positive patients with different CD4 Counts divided in three groups (Group A; CD4<350, Group B; CD4 350-550 and Group C; CD4>550) who were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction. Blood samples were collected for CD4 T Lymphocytes. Counts were determined by flow cytometry and Thyroid function was evaluated by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: Out of 150 cases studied, 47 Patients (31.33%) had thyroid dysfunction. Group A, B and C had Thyroid dysfunction in 40 %( 20), 32 %( 16) and 22 %( 11) patients respectively. All except one had hypothyroid state (TSH above normal range).When the results were analyzed for 150 patients with Pearson correlation coefficient. There was an inverse correlation of CD4 count and TSH. There was progressive decline in T3, T4 levels as CD4 count decreased. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is frequent in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction increased with decrease in CD4 count. TSH levels increased as CD4 count declined.