Objective: The main objectives were to assess the adequacy of the micronutrient intakes of lactating women in a peri-urban area in Nepal and to describe the relationships between micronutrient intake adequacy, dietary diversity and sociodemographic variables. Design: A cross-sectional survey was performed during [2008][2009]. We used 24 h dietary recall to assess dietary intake on three non-consecutive days and calculated the probability of adequacy (PA) of the usual intake of eleven micronutrients and the overall mean probability of adequacy (MPA). A mean dietary diversity score (MDDS) was calculated of eight food groups averaged over 3 d. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of the MPA. Setting: Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. Subjects: Lactating women (n 500), 17-44 years old, randomly selected. Results: The mean usual energy intake was 8464 (SD 1305) kJ/d (2023 (SD 312) kcal/d), while the percentage of energy from protein, fat and carbohydrates was 11 %, 13 % and 76 %, respectively. The mean usual micronutrient intakes were below the estimated average requirements for all micronutrients, with the exception of vitamin C and Zn. The MPA across eleven micronutrients was 0·19 (SD 0·16). The diet was found to be monotonous (MDDS was 3·9 (SD 1·0)) and rice contributed to about 60 % of the energy intake. The multiple regression analyses showed that MPA was positively associated with energy intake, dietary diversity, women's educational level and socioeconomic status, and was higher in the winter. Conclusions: The low micronutrient intakes are probably explained by low dietary diversity and a low intake of micronutrient-rich foods.
Keywords
Dietary diversity Micronutrient adequacyLactating women Peri-urban NepalBreast-feeding is one of the most important factors that can influence child health in low-and middle-income countries (1,2) . During lactation, women have increased requirements for energy and micronutrients (3,4)
Three Recommended Daily Allowances of zinc given daily by caretakers or by field workers substantially reduced the duration of diarrhea. The effect of zinc was not dependent on or enhanced by concomitant vitamin A administration.
Adjuvant treatment with zinc neither reduced the risk of treatment failure nor accelerated recovery in episodes of nonsevere or severe pneumonia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00148733.
Dehydration, clinical and biochemical indicators of inflammation and hemolysis, and, when possible, plasma albumin concentrations should be taken into account when the plasma zinc concentration is used to estimate zinc status during episodes of diarrhea in childhood.
Zinc deficiency is a major public health problem in many developing countries. However, its prevalence is still unknown in most populations. Women of reproductive age in developing countries are highly vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, including that of zinc. To estimate the prevalence of zinc deficiency and to identify important dietary sources of zinc, we undertook a cross-sectional survey in 500 nonpregnant Nepalese women and measured their plasma zinc concentrations. We also examined the associations between plasma zinc and dietary intake of zinc or phytate, iron status, plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, albumin, and hemoglobin. Food intake was estimated by 2 24-h dietary recalls and 1 FFQ for each woman. The plasma zinc concentration was (mean +/- SD) 8.5 +/- 2.4 micromol/L and more than three-quarters of the women were zinc deficient. Dietary zinc intake did not predict plasma zinc concentration, whereas phytate intake was negatively and significantly associated with plasma zinc. The other variables that were associated with plasma zinc were plasma albumin and hemoglobin concentration. Rice contributed 50% to the total estimated daily zinc intake and wheat and meat each contributed 15%. Rice also contributed 68% to the daily intake of phytate. In conclusion, we found that zinc deficiency was common in women of reproductive age and that the foods contributing substantial amounts of zinc also contributed importantly to the intake of phytate.
Nepal is undergoing a nutrition transition in which overweight and obesity are becoming issues of increasing public health concern particularly in the urban, and coexist with undernutrition in the rural communities. More evidence is required to understand the evolution of the rise in overweight in different sub‐populations within Nepal. In 2007‐2008, a representative survey was undertaken among 500 healthy lactating women and their infants, randomly selected in Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. From these mother‐infant pairs, we collected dietary information and blood samples. Five years later, 325 women and their children were followed up and compared with the baseline data. The prevalence of overweight among the women increased markedly_from 17% to 42%. The prevalence of low BMI (<18.5), which affected 4% of women at baseline decreased to 2%. In apparent contrast to the increased maternal overweight, the prevalence of women with anemia increased in this population (17% in baseline compared with 36% in the follow up survey). In this poster/presentation, we will also examine dietary patterns and factors associated with overweight. Data from our cohort suggests that overweight and obesity is rapidly rising among adults in Nepal.
Grant Funding Source: USAID, NUFU and the Research Council of Norway, and the Reiber foundation
e5613th International Congress on Infectious Diseases Abstracts (Oral Presentations) tries. ChiAC is a useful tool for evaluating the impact of the program.
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