The occurrence of depression was determined during the summer of 1979 in a multi-ethnic probability sample of 1003 adults (66% participation) in Los Angeles County, as part of a community survey of the epidemiology of depression and help-seeking behavior. The primary measure of depression was the 20-item CES-D scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. The overall prevalence of depression based on a CES-D cutpoint definition of 16 or greater was 19.1%. The prevalence of depression was greatest among Hispanics (27.4%) and least among whites (15.6%), with blacks and others at an intermediate level (21.8% and 21.2%, respectively). Females (23.5%) were nearly twice as likely to be depressed as males (12.9%). By age, persons 18-24 years reported the highest rate of depression (27.4%), while those 45-64 years reported the lowest (16.3%). As expected, the prevalence of depression was strongly related to family income, with the highest level reported for those earning less than $8500 (29.3%); the lowest level for those earning more than $25,000 (9.0%). After controlling for effects of selected demographic and socioeconomic variables, neither race nor ethnicity were significantly related to the presence of depression. This suggests that the economic strain experienced by many minorities may be an important determinant of higher rates of depression among blacks and Hispanics.
SUMMARY Blood pressure, height, weight, maturation, triceps skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and hemoglobin were measured as risk factors for coronary artery disease in 3,524 children (93% of the eligible population) in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Nine blood pressures were taken on each child by trained observers with mercury sphygmomanometers (Baumanoneter) and Physomerics automatic recorders in a rigid randomized design in a relaxed atmosphere with other children present. The pressures observed were low compared to reported HYPERTENSION IN ITS EARLY STAGES is poorly understood. Perhaps this is due partly to our limited understanding of the disease and its subclinical manifestations, and to the scanty information concerning its timecourse changes. Furthermore, since there is a lack of satisfactory criteria for diagnosis, the true prevalence of hypertension in children remains to be established. For example, in contrast to the clinical and anatomic manifestations in adults, similar effects and early damage to tissue are undetectable in children. Simply, the early natural history of hypertension, the evolution from youth, needs to be investigated.The measurement of blood pressure in a young age segment of a total geographic American community offers the opportunity of delineating normative values specific for age, race, and sex and serves as a background for observing early hypertension in a free-living population. At the same time, such a study offers the opportunity of describing other characteristics that act as determinants of blood pressure. This study describes detailed blood pressure measurements in a biracial population of children in a southern, semi-rural community. Materials and Methods PopulationThe population consisted of all school children, ages 5 through 14, residing in Ward 4 of Washington Parish, Louisiana, including the town of Bogalusa. Ninety-seven percent of the black children and 91% of the white children participated in the study, a total of 3,524 children. Of the study population 37% were black and 63% were white. The results for 15-year-old children are included in the graphs of the present paper for illustrative purposes, but were not included in the calculations because of incomplete population coverage. InstrumentsDuring the school year 1973-1974, indirect blood pressures were obtained on the children by the mercury sphygmomanometer (Baumanometer) and by the Physiometrics automatic blood pressure recorder. The automatic instrument is an electronic infrasonic device that records on a paper disc rotated by an aneroid manometer in open communication with an oversized rubber cuff bladder entirely encircling the upper arm. Selection of the bladder sizes for the Baumanometer cuff was based on arm measurement criteria recommended by Karvonen et al.,1 Simpson et al.,2 and King,3 but with the restrictions that commonly available bladders were used and that shorter arms require a narrower cuff in order to leave room for the stethoscope at the elbow skin crease (see Appendix). Observer TrainingAll blo...
This study assesses causal relationships among stress, social support, and depression using data collected at four points in time over one year from a community sample of 740 Los Angeles County adults. A series of latent variable causal models are tested to assess effects over time spans of 4, 8, and 12 months. Depression and support are found to be moderately and highly stable, respectively, over one year, while stress is only slightly stable. Recent stress is found to increase levels of depression from previous levels. Social support is shown to have direct negative effects on current depression and indirect effects on subsequent depression. Reciprocal causal relationships are also explored.
Cholera appeared in Haiti in October 2010 for the first time in recorded history. The causative agent was quickly identified by the Haitian National Public Health Laboratory and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. Since then, >500 000 government-acknowledged cholera cases and >7000 deaths have occurred, the largest cholera epidemic in the world, with the real death toll probably much higher. Questions of origin have been widely debated with some attributing the onset of the epidemic to climatic factors and others to human transmission. None of the evidence on origin supports climatic factors. Instead, recent epidemiological and molecular-genetic evidence point to the United Nations peacekeeping troops from Nepal as the source of cholera to Haiti, following their troop rotation in early October 2010. Such findings have important policy implications for shaping future international relief efforts.
Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children--The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106:101-108, 1977. Risk factor variables for coronary artery disease were measured in a total biracial community study of 3524 children, ages 5-14 years. Anthropometric variables, serum lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured in a rigid randomized design. Blood pressure data were obtained with an automatic recording instrument that avoids excessive pressure readings in obese children by the use of an over-sized arm cuff bladder with a built-in infrasonic transducer. By reducing the anxiety of the child and by taking multiple readings, pressures were obtained that approached published basal levels. A multiple regression analysis showed that all measured variables could account for 39% of the systolic BP variation. Major determinants were based on weight (W) and height (H). The BP levels, when related to H and to a weight-height index (W/H3), suggest a strong influence of H and an additional influence of W/H3 on BP, both consistent and proportionate over the entire ranges of H and W/H3. The total spectrum of observed correlates of BP, resulting from the multiple regression analysis, suggests that the BP measured under basallike conditions increases as the child grows and is proportional to lean body mass and total body mass. Practical criteria for evaluating abnormal blood pressure levels in children should be based on normative values derived from body weight and body height rather than from age.
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