Sequential dynamic computed tomographic (CT) body scans were performed during administration of diatrizoate (intravascular bolus and infusion) in 18 cancer patients, three patients with cysts, and four rabbits with V2 carcinoma. The best diagnostic images occurred soon after the bolus was given (within 60--90 sec.). Tumors and normal tissue became isodense with drip infusions and on delayed scans. Tumors had increased CT numbers (mean, 29.2; range, 11--64); unchanging CT numbers helped identify cysts. Three cancer patients were scanned after both intravenous and intra-arterial injection of contrast media. Contrast enhancement and cancer CT numbers were highest after intra-arterial administration.
Resistance to job burnout requires a sense of involvement in ones work, a high degree of peer cohesion and supervisor support, a strong sense of personal autonomy and a sense of physical comfort. But in this study, copy editors were found to be significantly less satisfied with their work environment and to feel less involved, less encouraged to make their own on-the-job decisions, and less physically comfortable than were reporters.
Objective:The aim of the study was to propose a unifying theory for the role of estrogen in postmenopausal women through examples in basic science, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and clinical practice.Methods:Review and evaluation of the literature relating to estrogen.Discussion:The role of hormone therapy and ubiquitous estrogen receptors after reproductive senescence gains insight from basic science models. Observational studies and individualized patient care in clinical practice may show outcomes that are not reproduced in randomized clinical trials. The understanding gained from the timing hypothesis for atherosclerosis, the critical window theory in neurosciences, randomized controlled trials, and numerous genomic and nongenomic actions of estrogen discovered in basic science provides new explanations to clinical challenges that practitioners face. Consequences of a hypo-estrogenemic duration in women's lives are poorly understood. The Study of Women Across the Nation suggests its magnitude is greater than was previously acknowledged. We propose that the healthy user bias was the result of surgical treatment (hysterectomy with oophorectomy) for many gynecological maladies followed by pharmacological and physiological doses of estrogen to optimize patient quality of life. The past decade of research has begun to demonstrate the role of estrogen in homeostasis.Conclusions:The theory of eu-estrogenemia provides a robust framework to unify the timing hypothesis, critical window theory, randomized controlled trials, the basic science of estrogen receptors, and clinical observations of patients over the past five decades.
The timing hypothesis of Clarkson (Menopause 14:373-384; 2007) seems to explain the hazard ratio and CI of renal stones in the Women's Health Initiative. A closer analysis of the subgroups of women who had a higher incidence of renal stones suggests that the timing hypothesis may explain the results from the Women's Health Initiative versus previous studies such as the Nurses' Health Study. The CIs of the hazard ratios of the subgroups that did not overlap 1.0 included women 6 to 10 years beyond menopause, those who were aged from 60 to 64 years, and "never users" of hormone therapy. The hazard ratio for renal stones among "current users" in the Women's Health Initiative was 0.99. This analysis suggests that the timing hypothesis may affect estrogen receptor-α-mediated processes in the kidney. Furthermore, Clarkson's work may support the vascular etiology of renal stones.
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