Background Infections due to drug-resistant herpes simplex viruses (HSV) represent an important clinical concern, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study was aimed at detecting acyclovir (ACV) susceptibility in HSV clinical samples. Methods A total of 13 HSV-positive clinical samples (5 HSV-1 and 8 HSV-2) recovered from patients (1 immunocompromised and 12 of unknown immune status) were included in the study. The genotypic analysis involved an initial UL23 (thymidine kinase) gene sequencing, followed by a confirmatory phenotypic assay using plaque reduction technique. Results Two novel amino acid changes, A37V and H283N, were detected in HSV-1 positive clinical samples, which were found to be susceptible to acyclovir (half maximal effective concentration = 1.5 μM) by plaque reduction assay. Conclusions These two novel amino acid changes could be therefore considered as natural polymorphisms, a phenomenon widely associated with the HSV-UL23 gene.
Cryocoolers are devices which produce the required refrigeration at a specific low temperature, and they can replace the normal cryogenic fluids. Cryogenic fluids give refrigeration only at a specific temperature whereas cryocooler can produce refrigeration at varying low temperatures. There are many types of cryocoolers like Pulse tube, Stirling, Joule-Thomson, Gifford-McMahon (GM) etc. Many advances have occurred over the years in these cryocoolers. For obtaining very low temperatures along with large cooling powers GM and Pulse tube cryocoolers are found to be better among the others. Hence, this article focuses the advances in GM cryocoolers. This article discusses the working of GM cryocooler, importance of regenerator material and how one can use special regenerator materials to reach very low temperatures. Further, the advances in these cryocoolers such as the use of Labyrinth finish regenerators to obtain higher cooling powers etc. are also discussed. It is presumed that the reader obtains a basic understanding of the GM cryocooler, latest developments and the possible future areas for research from this article.
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