Long-term non-progressor HIV infection (LTNP-HIV) is seen in <1 percent of HIV-afflicted population. There are definite criteria for the diagnosis of LTNP-HIV. Malignancies either solid tumors or haematological cancers have not been reported in such population. We report here a rare case of follicular thyroid carcinoma in LTNP-HIV infection. She never had any opportunistic infections. She did not receive anti-retroviral therapy in the entire course of illness and continued to have good quality of life. Treatment of follicular thyroid cancer was similar to other patients without HIV infection. This could be the first case study from India.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major public health concern worldwide and a growing threat for rapidly developing economies such as India, where it ranks among the top three cancers. This review aims to discuss the national status of oral cancer in terms of incidences and mortality. We have added the emphasis on clinical characteristics of oral potentially malignant disorders and emerging optical diagnostic techniques to detect oral lesions which would otherwise go undetected by a conventional oral examination. Modern detection systems such as autofluorescence, chemiluminiscence, Narrowband imaging and Raman spectroscopy will definitely aid Conventional oral examination for diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis of oral cancer by using saliva and serum-based noninvasive biomarkers can minimize the need of tissue biopsies and patient discomfort. Urgent research efforts are required to find new ways to identify and examine high-risk population for the early diagnosis and prevention of Oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Background: Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B (MICA/B) has been intended to play a significant role in tumor immunosurveillance. Downregulation of MICA/B expression in tissues and augmented sera levels are assumed to impair the antitumor immune response.
Method and results:In this study, the potential of sMICA as a marker for oral cancer (OC) was investigated. The sMICA levels in sera, saliva, and urine of OC patients were significantly different from those of the control group. The sMICA was correlated with tumor stage to evaluate the diagnostic power of MICA as a marker. However, the findings indicate that the expression of MICA/B in positive control and Stage I and IV showed significant difference as per one-way analysis of variance (P value <0.0001). Serum levels of sMICA showed a significant difference in the positive control and stages I and IV (P value <0.0001). MICA/B expression in patients with Stages II and III also showed a significant difference compared to positive control (P value of 0.0028 and 0.0003). Analysis of sMICA in serum, saliva and urine from OC patients showed significantly (P value <0.0001) higher levels (median 34.25 ± 3.57 pg/ml in pre-treatment sera, 193.93 ± 1.95 pg/ml in saliva and 109.89 ± 1.59 pg/ml in urine) than in control (median <1.2 pg/ml). Patients with poorly differentiated tumors exhibited a smaller amount of sMICA levels and well-differentiated tumors revealed higher levels of sMICA in biofluids.
Conclusion:The release of sMICA and its expressions in biofluids reflect an impairment of tumor immunity. The sMICA levels may provide useful additional information for the diagnosis, staging and prognosis of cancer.
Ectopic prostatic polyps are uncommon lesions, sometimes found in the lower urinary tract, particularly the posterior urethra. Ectopic prostatic tissue in the bladder is very uncommon. Until now, only 43 cases of this lesion have been reported in the English literature. Clinically and endoscopically these lesions are often mistaken for malignancy. We report a case of ectopic prostatic tissue at the bladder neck in a young male. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the prostatic nature of the tissue. Since the entity is benign and unlikely to recur, we emphasize that urologists and pathologists need to be familiar with this to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary overtreatment.
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