An investigation was conducted on population dynamics of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and incidence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) on blackgram during Kharif 2015-16. observations of adult whitefly was recorded at weekly interval through yellow sticky trap at the field by installing just above the crop canopy for 24 hours and percent disease incidence of MYMIV was recorded. Results revealed that the whitefly was first observed from 28 th SMW (15.83 whiteflies sticky trap-1). During this period maximum and minimum temperature was 30.4 0 C and 24.2 0 C while morning and evening RH were 91% and 74%, respectively. Further, wind speed, sunshine, rainfall and rainy days were observed 7.3 (kmh-1), 6.8 (hrs), 203.2 (mm) and 6 (days), respectively. The whitefly population was reached at its peak (67.83 whiteflies sticky trap-1) at 36 th SMW. Correlation studies with maximum temperature was exhibited significantly positive (r=0.659), whereas wind speed (r=-0.812) and rainfall (r=-0.809) were showed highly negative significant association with whitefly. Path analysis revealed that evening RH had highest direct positive effect (1.4106) on whitefly followed by maximum temperature (1.0663), sunshine (0.0675), rainfall (0.0501) whereas, direct negative effect was exerted via rainy days (-0.6289) followed by wind speed. The first incidence of MYMIV (2.35%) was recorded on blackgram at 30 th SMW which was gradually increased and reached at peak (100.00%) on 36 th SMW. Maximum temperature showed significantly positive correlation (r=0.630) with incidence of MYMIV. Results revealed that severe attack of whitefly was occurred as pest outbreak and MYMIV incidence as epidemic form on blackgram due to erratic abiotic factors.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the bioefficacy of Emamectin benzoate against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera and its natural enemies on chickpea at Breeding Seed Production Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, consecutively for two years during rabi season 2009 and 2010. The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications. The pooled data of two years indicated that Emamectin benzoate 5% WG @ 9.4 and 8.1 g a.i. ha-1 were found to be most effective dose in reducing the H. armigera larval population and pod damage (1.28% and 1.29%, respectively) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% WG @ 6.9 and 5.6 g a.i. ha-1 with 1.33 and 3.72% pod damage, respectively. The standard treatments of Chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 and Ethion 50% EC @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 recorded 7.40% and 7.72% pod damage, respectively as compared to control plot (10.89% pod damage). All the treatments of Emamectin benzoate 5% WG did not show any adverse effects against Lady bird beetle and Chrysopa and no phytotoxic effects was observed on the chickpea crop. Seed yield was maximum (2260 kg ha-1) with the highest dose of Emamectin benzoate 5% WG @ 9.4 g a.i ha-1 followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% WG @ 8.1 and 6.9 g a.i ha-1 , respectively.
Mitigating the effects of global climate change brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases has grown to the worldwide sensed challenges. Possible strategies for lessening the ill impacts of agriculture on climate change and in parallels, optimizing overall yield potential of agricultural crops would certainly consider the initiatives for development of varieties having utmost reflectivity with least/no impact on photosynthetic yield. Crops having traits for maximum reflectivity such as specific plant height, leaf inclination, chlorophyll content, waxy leaf hairs, glossiness and/or canopy structural and morphological traits would be comprised in an ideotype. Genetic manipulation of crop reflectivity and/or selection for specific morphology of canopy might be possible using plant breeding however transgenesis for leaf waxy ness or canopy structure could achieve greater temperature reductions and may offer a viable solution to problem.
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