Investment in family planning (FP) provides returns through a lifetime. Global evidence shows that FP is the second-best buy in terms of return on investment after liberalizing trade. In this study, we estimate the cumulative benefits of FP investments for India from 1991 to 2016 and project them up to 2061 with four scenarios of fertility levels. The findings suggest that India will have greater elasticity of FP investments to lifetime economic returns compared to the world average (cost–revenue ratio of 1:120). We have taken four scenarios for the goalpost, viz., 2.1, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4. Although different scenarios of total fertility rate (TFR) levels at the goalpost (i.e., the year 2061) offer varied lifetime returns from FP, scenario TFR < 1.8 will be counterproductive and will reduce the potential benefits. With a comprehensive approach, if the country focuses more on improving the quality of FP services and on reducing the unmet need for FP to enhance reproductive health care and expand maximum opportunities for education and employment for both women and men, it can improve its potential to reap more benefits.

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This study tries to elicit the unexplored nexus between the contraceptive failure and abortions in India’s most populous state Uttar Pradesh. Condom being the most used modern method contributes to 47% of all observed episodes in the calendar period. Of all accidental pregnancies occurred because of modern contraceptive failures, 35.2% terminated with induced abortions. Gross failure rate of modern methods is conspicuously higher for urban poor, uneducated women, and marginalized section of population living in urban area. From a total of 7496 episodes of all reversible methods, abortions are estimated as high as 29.2%, whereas for the traditional method it accounts for around 21%. The empirical evidence of induced abortions due to contraceptive failure put serious concern regarding unintended pregnancies and hence discourages fertility intentions among the potential couples.

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Objective-To determine the efficacy and safety  of ormeloxifene versus progesterone in controlling Ovulatory Abnormal Uterine Bleeding(AUB-O) Methods-A Prospective Randomized comparative study of total 100 females of reproductive age group 25 to 45 years with AUB-O.Patients were randomly divided in two groups of 50 each. Results-The study showed ormeloxifene was found to be more effective and safe than Norethisterone in AUB-O. Ormeloxifine as compared to norethisterone is more effective in improving Hb and reducing endometrial thickness. Hence, ORM is more superior than Norethisterone Conclusion-In this study ormeloxifene was found to be more effective in reducing blood loss,that leads to improvement in mean haemoglobin and also it had more ability to reduce endometrial thickness.As both ormeloxifene and norethisterone are very effectivebut ormeloxifene is safe , cost effective ,nonsteroidal, non hormonal drug with convenient dosage and better compliance for medical management of AUB-O.Hence, ormeloxifene canbe considered as first drugs in the management of AUB-O.

Why are social networks necessary at the place of destination? What roles do they play as a form of “social capital” for newly arrived migrants in urban centers? These are some relevant questions that scholars in migration studies have explored, especially in the context of international migration, but significant gaps exist in the case of internal migration. Using the migration history of the head of 400 households living in eight slum areas of Delhi, the present study attempts to differentiate the social networks available to the head of the households at their first arrival in Delhi based on the strong and weak ties and the caste-based network. The study also disentangles the role played by these social networks in providing social protection to household heads at their first arrival. The results show that social networks, especially strong family/kinship-based and caste-based networks, play an essential role in providing social protection by assisting newly arrived migrants with housing, food and information about employment.

The education sector in India was among the most affected sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. While considerable attention has been paid to informal workers' return or reverse migration to their home communities, not much has been reported about the challenges faced by migrant students. Using a mixed-method approach, the current study presents an overview of internal student migration in India prior to the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the 2001 and 2011 Census of India and the 2007–2008 National Sample Survey Organization, and discusses challenges faced by selected migrant learners during the COVID-19 pandemic based on primary research. Based on the census data, nearly 3.3 million migrants in India move for study reasons with 2.9 million migrating within the state (with the duration of residence less than five years) from their last residence within India. The pattern of female student migration suggests an increasingly localized interdistrict migration. Findings from the qualitative data indicate that during the pandemic, students had compromised learning and placement experience, inadequate digital resources and pressure to repay loans. Student migrants experienced varying degrees of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on their destination and migration stream.