A new class of macrocyclic and acyclic molecules was synthesized by the Mannich reactions of dipyrrolylmethanes to investigate anion recognition. The X-ray structures of the macrocycle and sulfate complexes are reported.

The [2 + 2] Schiff base condensation reactions between the newly synthesized dialdehyde, N,N-di(α-formylpyrrolyl-α-methyl)-N-methylamine), and ethylenediamine or p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride readily afforded the 30- and 34-membered large size macrocycles in very high yields. Subsequent reduction reactions of these macrocycles with NaBH(4) gave the corresponding saturated macrocyclic hexaamines in good yields. The analogous reaction of the new dialdehyde with a triamine molecule afforded the [3 + 2] Schiff base macrobicycle in high yield, which was then reduced by reaction with NaBH(4) to give the saturated macrobicycle. All these compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The anion binding properties of the saturated macrocycles having the ethylene and the phenylene linkers in CDCl(3) were studied by NMR titration methods. Although they have similar pyrrolic and amine NH groups their binding properties are different and interesting, owing to the conformational flexibility or rigidness rendered by the ethylene or phenylene groups, respectively. The macrocycle having the ethylene linkers binds anions in a 1:1 fashion, while the other receptor having the phenylene linkers prefers to bind anions in a sequential 1:2 fashion and has a multiple equilibria between a 1:1 and a 1:2 complexes, as shown by their binding constants, curve fittings by EQNMR, and Job plots. The X-ray structures of the 1:2 methanol, the aqua and the benzoate anion complexes of the macrocycles show two cavities in which the guests are bound, correlating with the high affinity found for the formation of stable 1:2 complexes in solution. The X-ray structure showed that the macrobicycle Schiff base adopts an eclipsed paddle-wheel shaped conformation and exhibits an out-out configuration at the bridgehead nitrogen atoms.

Azatripyrrolic 1 and azatetrapyrrolic 2 macrocycles were synthesized in a single step by the Mannich reaction of pyrrole in the presence of primary amine hydrochloride and were structurally characterized among several other higher analogue azapyrrolic macrocycles. Binding constants for the halide anion complexes are determined by (1)H NMR titrations and they show different binding stoichiometries.

The reaction of the dialdehyde N,N-di(α-formylpyrrolyl-α-methyl)-N-methylamine with two equiv. of 2,6-diisopropylaniline yielded two Schiff bases: bis(iminopyrrolylmethyl)amine () and its hydrolyzed monoimino compound () after column separation. The dimeric lithium complex [(HL)Li]2 () containing the monoanionic form of was obtained by treating with (n)BuLi. The presence of both proton donors and acceptors causes the diimino compound to undergo tautomerization to exhibit an amine-azafulvene structure, though the central amine nitrogen competes for a proton. As a result, in the presence of Pd(2+) ions, the cationic complex [Pd(Cl)(H2L)][Cl] () containing one pendant amine-azafulvene arm and the protonated central amine nitrogen was obtained. Its X-ray structure showed that the bond distances are reversed for the imino-pyrrole moiety relative to those in the structure of . However, the reaction of with [Pd(OAc)2] afforded the neutral complex [PdL] () containing the dianionic form of the ligand. The reaction of with [PdCl2(PhCN)2] yielded a zwitterionic complex [PdCl2(H2L')] () owing to the presence of the central amine nitrogen. The formation of these palladium complexes with the features mentioned above can be explained by invoking the Brønsted acid-base character of the Schiff base. Complex is fluxional owing to the up and down movements of the palladium square plane formed by two 5-membered palladacycles, which causes the interconversion of its enantiomers and is studied by the variable temperature (1)H NMR method. Furthermore, both complexes and are precatalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in water. Sterically encumbered and electronically different substrates including activated aryl chlorides and benzyl halides gave the coupled products in very good yields. The reaction proceeds even at room temperature and in the presence of a large excess amount of mercury.

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The reaction of N,N-di(2,6-bis(isopropyl)phenylimino-pyrrolyl-α-methyl)-N-methylamine H2L1 with copper(I) sources such as CuX (X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)) afforded the bis(chelated) ionic copper(II) complexes of the type [CuL1H]X. A...

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C2H8N+·C7H5O3 −, the anions and cations are linked by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to the ac plane.