Pharmacovigilance plays a consequential role in the surveillance of adverse drug reactions, which is provoked by the drugs used to cure diseases. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) produce detrimental or undesirable effects to the body after administration of drugs. It has been reported that the number of patients dying because of contrary effects of drugs per year increased upto 2.6-fold. Moreover, rates of hospitalization of patients are increasing owing to adverse effects of drugs. Thus, it becomes challengeable for physician, health care providers, WHO and pharmaceutical industries to resolve the associated problem of ADRs. During the clinical trial of a novel drug, it is prominent to explore the dependability of drug. In this review, we documented the details required to identify the ADRs in patients along with reported banned drugs.
Medicinal plants are mainly used as herbal medicine and play an essential role in primary health care, ethno-medicine system and production of appropriate drugs. Due to this multi-usage, trade network demand for the different medicinal species can extend to national as well as international boundaries. As only little studies are done on this plant, the purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on, botany, morphology, ecological biodiversity, therapeutic uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Iris ensata Thunb. The plant Iris ensata Thunb belongs to the family Iridaceae. It has been praised by the physicians of all times as a panacea and is broadly used in a huge number of disases. It heals up the chronic ulcers and absess, useful in insect bite, burns, vitiligo, weakness of muscles, itching and dandruff. It is emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, anti orchitis, used in cold cough, in all humours, pneumonia, dyspnoea. The egesta accumulated in the chest are attenuated and resolved by Irsa, it is emetic and purgative. Ibne Sina recommends its efficacious actions in strengthening the wisdom and intellect, cures head injuries skull bone fractures, phlegmic and hot swelling. Ibne Baitar quoted that it is useful in tooth ache, dyspnoea, spleenomegaly, rigidity of uterus, flatulence, it is abortifacient, anti tussive. The fermentation with sosan is benifecial in endometritis, adenitis and hard swelling. Its efficacy in dyspnoea, asthma, thorasic pain, hydropes, jaundice, haemorrhoids, liver complaints, and sciatica. Root of Iris ensata Thunb are reach source of glycosides steroids, resins, proteins, phenolic compounds and also tannins. Flowers of this plant also contains anthocyanin 5-0-glucosyltransferase (R2) and anthocyanin-flavone e.g. malvidine 3KGaC5G, petunidine 3KGac5c, delphinidine 3RGac5G, petunidine(R2) . The epigeal parts of this plant contain mangiferin(R) and leteolin C-glycosides. This review highlights the traditional, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological information available on Iris ensata, which might be helpful for scientists and researchers to find out new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses. Keywords: Iris ensata Thunb, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Ayurveda, Medicinal uses
Among various death-causing diseases, the morbidity and mortality related to cancer are the highest, with millions of new malignancies added to the tally every year and predicted to increase at a higher rate by 2030. Lung cancer is continued to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a share of 11.6% of all cancers. Since the start of the millennium, there has been a continuous effort to provide the benefits of probiotics in the management and treatment of cancer, particularly lung cancer. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host”. These include specific strains of bacteria and fungi. Bacterial strains belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have demonstrated promising results in the prevention, attenuation, and treatment of the progression of lung cancer. The present chapter focuses on the types and aetiology of lung cancer and the role and mechanism of action of probiotics in providing immunity against lung cancer.<br>
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become one of the very frequent and costliest chronic disease. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is also the largest risk factor for mortality in diabetic individuals, have just a close relationship. Obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia all seem to be significant CV significant risk factor in people with diabetes, bringing them at greater risk for heart attacks and strokes. Also, several research have shown physiological processes linked to DM that enhance the risk of CVD in diabetic patients within their own. As a result, minimizing CV risk factors in diabetic individuals is essential to minimize the disease's long-term CV problems. This article investigates probable origins of disease progression, current treatment recommendations, and future studies prospects while discussing the relationship between diabetes and CVD.
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