Context: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology [FNAC] of the head and neck region is well accepted as a diagnostic procedure. Various studies in the context of FNAC in the head and neck region are available for the adult population, but only few studies are available for the paediatric age group. Aims:To study the role of fine needle aspiration cytology and its utility in paediatric head and neck lesions. Settings and Design:This was a hospital based, prospective study. Methods and Materials:Hundred cases of head and neck lesions of the paediatric age group [0-15 years] were studied for cytomorphology through fine needle aspiration cytology and the results were correlated with the histomorphology.Results: There was a male predominance in the case distribution among both the sexes in children [55%]. The head and neck lesions were most frequent in the age group of 10-15 years, followed by the age group of 5-10 years than the age group of 0-5 years. Lesions in the cervical lymph nodes constituted 81% of the head and neck lesions and 87% of the adequate smears, followed by those in the skin and subcutaneous tissues [3 cases (3.2%)], the thyroid [4 cases (4.3%)] and the salivary gland [1 case (1%)]. 88.17% cases of head and neck lesions in children were diagnosed as benign on their smears and 11.83% cases were diagnosed as malignant, of which 8 cases of malignant lesions were located in the cervical lymph nodes, 1 case was located in the thyroid and 2 cases of malignant lesions were located in the orbits. Conclusions:FNAC is an important and a non-invasive, investigational tool in children for identifying and planning the medical management of inflammatory and infectious conditions. It helped us in indicating the diagnosis of the lesions in congenital or aquired malformations, cystic lesions and benign neoplastic lesions, in which surgical management were needed and we got confirmations on histological examinations. For the malignant lesions, FNAC was a more important investigation tool than an accurate investigation tool, which suggested about the lesions and guided us to do more advanced specific investigations for obtaining the diagnosis.
AIMTo study the pattern of various adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring in children attending the Department of Pediatrics, SMGS Hospital, Jammu over 1 year.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThis was a prospective study, with study population of patients attending Department of Pediatrics over a period of 1 year. A structured format was used to enroll the participants. A pilot study was conducted to test the suitability of the format and feasibility of the study. The study was carried out to review various pattern of ADRs by using the Naranjo probability scale, and severity was assessed by using the Hartwig severity scale. ADRs were classified according to the classification used by the Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center, Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, New Delhi, India.RESULTSIn the present study, 104 patients were found to have developed acute drug reactions. Among these, 83.6% were type B, 14.42% type A, and 1.92% were type U. Furthermore, 25.96% ADRs were due to anticonvulsants, followed by antibiotics (22.11%), antipyretics (11.53%), vaccination (8.65%), steroids (6.73%), decongestants (5.67%), snake antivenom and antiemetics (3.84%), and fluids, insulin, and antacids (1.92%). The patients’ dermatological system was involved in 67.30%, followed by the central nervous system (CNS) in 11.53% patients. Renal system was involved in 6.73% patients. Cardiac, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and other systems were involved in 4.80%, 3.84%, 2.88%, and 0.96%, respectively. According to the Hartwig severity scale of ADRs, 64.4% patients had moderate ADRs, 29.8% patients had severe ADRs, and 5.76% had mild ADRs. In the present study, 64.4% patients expressed moderate severity, whereas 29.8% expressed high severity and 5.76% expressed mild ADRs.CONCLUSIONADRs were seen in 71% of the patients between 1 and 5 years of age, 26% in the age group of 5–10 years, and 3% were more than 10 years old. Anticonvulsants (25.96%) and antibiotics (22.11%) were responsible for majority of ADRs. Rash (55.76%) was the most common presentation of ADR. Owing to the high number of ADRs, the present study points to the need for rigid adverse drug monitoring among pediatric patients to ensure the safety of drug therapy.
Introduction: Microvessel density, as a measure of angiogenesis, predicts prognosis in prostate cancer. Angiogenic Index (AI, numerical value of angiogenesis) minimises the possible variation concerning the width of the microscopic field, stromal epithelial relations and cellular tumour size. Aim: To study AI in prostate cancer and its correlation with Gleason Grade (GG) and Gleason Score (GS). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional, study was done at Postgraduate Department of Pathology, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India, from September 2019 to December 2020. Twenty five histopathologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from radical prostatectomy, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP), and needle biopsy were included in the study. These cases were categorised according to Gleason Grade (GG); Gleason Score (GS) was assigned to each case. The GSs were simplified into three groups: low (GS 2-6), intermediate (GS 7) and high-grade (GS 8-10). Immunohistochemical {Cluster Differentiation (CD) 31} blood vessel staining was done to calculate AI. Statistical significance was determined by Unpaired t-test. Results: All the cases were males with age range from 55 to 76 years (mean age was 65.48±5.62 years). Mean AI was 13.74, 83.76, 163.27, 299.12 for the GG1, GG3, GG4, GG5 respectively. Mean AI was 29.72, 82.67, 129.15, 186.65, 191.93, 307.34 for GS 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 respectively. Comparing GG among themselves, statistically significant difference in AI was found between GG3 vs GG4 (p-value=0.0056, r-value=0.5269). Difference was also statistically significant between GG3 vs GG5 (p-value=0.000011, r-value=0.8030) and GG4 vs GG5 (p-value=0.0036, r-value=0.5806). In all scores combined, the mean AI was 56.20 for low-grade (GS 2-6), 129.15 for intermediate-grade (GS 7), 247.35 for high-grade (GS 8-10). Statistically significant difference was found in between AI (p-value<0.05) in all Gleason scores. Conclusion: Positive correlation was observed between AI, GG and GS in prostatic adenocarcinoma. AI may be of immense value to predict prognosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Article InfoTo assess whether an eosinophilic infiltration of the thyroid gland has a higher association with diffuse thyroid swellings especially Hashimoto's thyroiditis and search for more cytological clues to increase the sensitivity of diagnosis of diffuse swellings of thyroid gland on Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A total of 80 cases were studied. Aspirates from these cases were studied for cytomorphological features, all the cases were divided into two groups-cases and control. The cases diagnosed as Hashimoto's thyroiditis were included in the case group and cases diagnosed as other benign swellings except Hashimoto's thyroiditis were included in the control group. 40% of the cases showed an average of more than 1 eosinophil per HPF but none of the cases in the control group showed an average more than 1.Thus, we saw that number of eosinophils per HPF in the smears diagnosed as Hashimoto`s thyroiditis was found higher than in the smears from the control group. We also observed that the average ratio of eosinophils to neutrophils in the smears diagnosed as Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found to be significantly greater than in smears from the control group. Among the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis 80-90% have high titers of antithyroglobulin antibodies. Besides serological diagnosis presence of eosinophil per HPF increases the sensitivity of cytological diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Oral cancers are one of the 10 leading cancers in the world. However, in India, it is one of the most common cancers and constitutes a major public health problem. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a well-known malignancy that accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. The study is carried out on 40 biopsy samples received on oral mucosa, in Department of Pathology of our institute. Maximum numbers of patients were from 3th to 6th decade in our study. 38 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were observed, out of which 31 (81.57%) were male, and 07 (18.42%) cases were female. The most common site was tongue (50%), followed by buccal mucosa (18.42%), 06 patients (15.78%) had lesion at palate. Thirty-five (92.10%) cases had a significant history of tobacco use/smoking, whereas 03 (7.89%) did not have any history of tobacco use. We observed Ki-67 LI for normal oral mucosa was 14 ± 5.6%. In well-differentiated carcinoma, the KI-67 LI was 28.52 ± 21.25%, which increased to 42.85 ± 18.2% in moderately differentiated carcinoma and 68.57 ± 17.6% in poorly differentiated carcinoma. Ki-67 acts as an excellent marker of cellular proliferation. There is a statistical difference in KI-67 overexpression between various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa (p value <0.05).
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