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From 1981 to 1992, 13 male and 7 female patients underwent surgical correction for ruptured aneurysms of sinus of valsalva. A total surgical experience of 22 procedures including 2 reoperations is presented, accounting for 1.37% of open heart surgery for congenital heart disease at PGIMER Chandigarh. Ninety percent were in the 20- to 40-year age group. Forty-five percent of patients had symptoms of > 1-year duration (range 2 months to 20 years) and catastrophic onset of symptoms was noted in four (18%). All patients had localized aneurysms originating either in right coronary sinus (14 pts) or noncoronary sinus (8 pts). Sites of origin and rupture are detailed. Associated congenital abnormalities such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) (13 pts), aortic regurgitation (3 pts), and left superior vena cava and atrial septal defect (ASD) (1 pt each) were noted. The data pertaining to Oriental and Western groups of patients were analyzed, and the differences in age, mode of presentation, site of origin, rupture, and the spectrum of associated abnormalities were elucidated. The majority of the patients (86.4%) were operated by the Bicameral approach. Repair was tailored according to the extent and severity of the defect in the sinus of Valsalva and aortic valve annulus and also the presence and site of VSD.

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Vaccine manufacturers from developing countries have a proven track record of developing, producing, and supplying high-quality vaccines globally. However, due to the complexity of vaccine manufacturing, numerous stakeholder organizations support manufacturers across a variety of functions. To optimize the support from stakeholders it is instrumental to first understand which manufacturing processes these manufacturers require support for and what support functions are most beneficial. To this end, the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network designed a comprehensive survey to assess the specific needs of the Network’s member organizations. We found that almost all sampled manufacturers are interested in obtaining funding or technology transfers for COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, results indicated that manufacturers have a strong appetite for modern technology platforms, particularly RNA technologies. Scale-up, phase III clinical trials, and formulation were also key processes for which manufacturers require support.

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