Background and Aim: Poultry production is the fastest-growing livestock sector in developing countries. In the poultry diet, trace minerals (zinc [Zn], selenium [Se], and chromium [Cr]) are normally administered in the inorganic form which has been traditionally considered as the most cost-effective and easily available but organic forms of these trace minerals have a higher bioavailability, lower dietary inclusion and cause less environmental pollution as compared to inorganic form. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of trace minerals (Zn, Se, and Cr) supplementation (0-35 days) on expression of chTLR4gene and humoral immune response in broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 broilers were randomly divided into 12 groups and each group divided into three replicates consisting of six broilers each. T1 (R1, R2, and R3) group was kept as control. T2, T3, and T4 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Zn at 20 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T5, T6, and T7 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Se at 0.15 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T8, T9, and T10 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Cr at 1 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T11 and T12 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with a combination of all three minerals from inorganic and organic forms, respectively. Results: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction gene expression analysis revealed that in bursa of Fabricius, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.0214 fold) was observed in T6 group, and in spleen, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.2140 fold) was observed in T3 group as compared to control group. On day 35, the maximum plasma immunoglobulin G concentration was observed in organic trace minerals (OTMs) supplemented, whereas the minimum concentration was recorded in control group. On day 28 and 35, the overall mean heterophil:lymphocyte ratio showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and OTM supplemented groups. A significantly higher immune organ weight (spleen and bursa of Fabricius) was recorded in OTM supplemented group as compared to control and other supplemented group. Conclusion: Supplementation of organic form of Zn, Se, and Cr either alone or in combination increase humoral immune response and upregulation of chTLR4 gene expression in bursa and spleen indicates a beneficial effect of OTM in augmentation of immune system in broilers.
The present study was planned to characterize the morphological features of local buffalo populations found in the Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh as per the guideline of ICAR-NBAGR, Karnal. The study revealed that the buffalo population was generally distributed in Jabalpur, Mandla, Dindori, Seoni and adjoining parts of the districts. The study revealed that the size of buffalo in Mahakaushal region was medium to large with compact body and had a black, light brown or grey body coat and skin colour. The most common colour of muzzle was black, light black eyelids and hooves, light grey horns and light black tail-switch. There were few buffaloes which had white marking on forehead and tail switch. This study was the first attempt to examine the buffalo population in this region. The present study reveals that the studied buffalo population can be registered as a breed.
The genetic improvement of production traits can be made through marker assisted selection using a candidategene approach. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that belong to thetransforming growth factor b (TGF-b) superfamily. This study aimed to detect the genetic polymorphism of BMP-4in different goat breeds by polymerase chain reaction-single strand confirmational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) andassociation of polymorphic variants with growth traits. The amplified fragments of BMP4 gene of 380 bp size wereanalysed using SSCP in non-denaturing PAGE and the results showed the presence of two genotypes: AA (47-67%) and BB (33-53%) in Barbari, Sirohi and Black Bengal breed. The association of BMP-4 polymorphism withdifferent growth trait parameters showed non-significant effect of genotypes. However, some genotypes showednon-significant superiority over others. Further research on a large population is required to validate the role of theBMP-4 gene in goat growth traits.
Background: To evaluate use of homologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) drop and leucocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) clot/membrane as regenerative therapy for healing of corneal ulcer in dogs and its subsequent comparison with conventional therapy. Methods: In this randomized study, 30 dogs were divided into three groups of 10 animals each. It was ensured each group had grade I, II and III ulcers. Group I received medicinal treatment with antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drop. In Group II PRP drops and in Group III L-PRF membrane was used to evaluate corneal ulcer healing. Homologous platelet concentrates were prepared in laboratory and used for assessment of healing on various grades of corneal ulcer on basis on reduction in size and depth of ulcer, presence of stromal infiltration, scleral involvement, corneal opacity and vascularization. Result: Post treatment, the size of corneal ulcer started to reduce gradually from day 7 onwards. Significant (p≤0.05) reduction was observed from day 10 in group I after instillation of drops Moxifloxacin and Flurbiprofen and in group II after instillation of PRP. It was measured as 5.35 ± 0.63 and 5.20 ± 0.98 mm at day 0, which reduced significantly (p≤0.05) to 3.90 ± 0.50 and 3.10 ± 0.98 mm at day 10 in group I and group II respectively. In group III there was significant reduction in size of ulcer from day 0 to day 7 measuring 7.80 ± 1.05 and 0.20 ± 0.11mm respectively. Thereafter, from day 10 onwards complete sealing of ulcer was observed in all the cases. Post treatment there was no significant reduction in corneal opacity from day 0 to day 30 in group I dogs and corneal opacity persisted specially in grade II and grade III ulcers. There was significant reduction (p≤0.05) in opacity from 2.90 ± 0.35 to 2.10 ± 0.38 and 3.00 ± 0.37 to 2.40 ± 0.34 in group II and group III dogs from day 0 to day 10 respectively. In group I, II and III there was significant (p≤0.05) reduction in vascularization from 1.50±0.30 to 1.20±0.13, 1.30±0.37 to 0.60±0.22 and 1.40±0.31 to 0.40±0.31 from day 0 to day 15 respectively. There was a significant reduction in vascularization on day 15 in group II and group III compared to group I animals.
Application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography is known as Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) that enhances contrast during ultrasnography by increasing ultrasound backscatter (reflection) of the ultrasound waves. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used in diagnostic imaging, organ edge delineation, echocardiography, blood volume perfusion, lesion characterization, drug or gene delivery, molecular imaging etc. Different types of contrast media used in ultrasonography are agitated saline, microbubbles, nanobubbles etc. Adverse reactions of contrast agent include headache, hypersensitivity abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, hypertension, leg cramps etc. Although CEUS is popular now a days but with certain limitations such as more heat production with increase in frequency, short life of microbubbles, continuous monitoring, occasional microvasculature rupture and haemolysis. In conclusion, CEUS is an advanced technique for absolute quantification of tissue perfusion, drugs and genes delivery, differential diagnosis and monitoring therapy response.
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