This paper deals energy and exergy analysis of steam and power generation plant in a chemical and fertilizer industry. Conventional energy analysis is based on first law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis is based on second law of thermodynamics. The real energy loss in components cannot be justified by first law of thermodynamics alone, because it does not differentiate between quality and quantity of energy. First the main components of steam and power generation system selected. Selected components of the system are then analyzed separately and sites having largest energy and exergy losses are identified. By energy analysis, highest energy loss occurs in condensers where 47.16 MW is lost which represents 52.89% of total energy loss in plant. After condensers, energy loss in boilers is significant where 30.26 MW is lost which represents 34% of total energy loss. From exergy analysis highest exergy destruction occurred in two boilers where 238.6 MW exergy is destroyed, it represents 90.8% of total exergy destruction of plant. Exergy destruction in condenser is 4.426 MW which is only 1.78% of total exergy destruction. Total energy loss for plant is 89.17 MW while total exergy destruction for the plant is 260.7 MW. It is also seen that energy efficiencies of components are greater than exergy efficiencies. In power generation section, turbine 1 cycle is found to be more efficient than turbine 2 cycle. Energy and exergy efficiencies of turbine 1 cycle are found as 35.29% and 66.30% respectively and that of turbine 2 cycle are 32.07% and 64.33% respectively. For power generation cycle's exergy efficiencies are greater than energy efficiencies.
The need for installation of Solar Water heater is increasing in society because of several factors such as rapid urbanization, government interventions, low cost of installations, and environment-friendly application acting as a direct replacement to fossil fuels. During the past few years, the research and development associated with the technological enhancement of the utilization of solar energy have increased exponentially. However, there are various challenges involved in the selection of proper solar technology to provide a high-performance energy harvesting application for domestic water heating requirements. There is a wide literature available on various performance parameters required to develop an efficient Solar Water Heating System. This paper investigates a state-of-the-art review of the performance parameters affecting the efficiency of Solar Water Heaters by component-wise analysis of parameters divided broadly into the design, operational and external parameters. The technological advancements in solar water heaters are classified based on performance parameters and the paper summarizes the possibility of combining different performance parameters to achieve more efficient and cost-effective solar water heaters for the society as future scope of the review for researchers working in the similar domain.
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