PurposeThe purpose of the study is to investigate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and the movement of Sensex for the period of 2000–2018.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the augmented Dickey–Fuller test for the presence of unit root, Johansen cointegration test for estimating the cointegration among the variables. Further, in the case of no cointegration found, the study employed the vector autoregression (VAR) model to estimate the long-run relationship and the Granger causality/Wald test for short-run relationship. The study also conducted tests for the prerequisites of the model: serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and normality of data.FindingsThe study found that both the variables, crude oil prices and Sensex are integrated of order 1, that is, I (1), and there is no cointegration between them. Further, the results proliferated from the VAR model unfold the marked effect of previous month crude oil prices (lag 1) on the movement of Indian stock market represented by Sensex considered as the benchmark index. Furthermore, VAR–Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald tests results indicated that there is a causal relationship between the crude oil prices and Sensex under the VAR environment. The model does not have any serial correlation and heteroskedasticity indicating toward the unbiased and robust estimates.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is conducted till the year 2018, and data for the present period (post-2018) is excluded due to ongoing trade issues between the USA and oil-exporting countries such as Iran. The current COVID-19 outbreak has also put serious issues. Due to limited time and availability of standardized data, researchers have considered Sensex as equity index only, but for more generalized research outcome few other equity indexes could have been taken for study.Originality/valueThe study is completely original in nature and is an extensive study of the relationship between the crude oil price and Indian stock market with reference to causality between the variables.

Context: Cognitive disorders are responsible for memory impairments, deterioration of language, motor, sensory abnormalities, gait disturbance, and seizures. Nootropic agents are being primarily used to improve memory, mood and behavior. Aims: In the present study, it was aimed to prepare and evaluate the traditional formulation, Swarnaprashana for its nootropic efficacy on the learning and memory by employing exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral models in young and aged mice. Settings and Design: In the present study, Swarnaprashana (30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to young and aged Swiss albino mice for 15 days. The elevated plus-maze and Morris water maze were used as exteroceptive behavior models. Materials and Methods: Swarnaprashana was prepared by mixing Swarnabhasma (gold) with honey and ghee was used as vehicle. Scopolamine and naturally ageing-induced amnesic models were used as interoceptive behavior models. Biochemical parameter such as whole brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is used to quantify the nootropic activity. Piracetam (200 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard nootropic agent. Statistical Analysis Used: All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean of 6 mice/experimental group. Parametric one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's posttest. Statistical analyses were performed using Graph pad prism 5.0. The minimal level of significance was identified at P < 0.05. Results: The pretreatment of Swarnaprashana (30 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited significant improvement in learning and memory (P < 0.01) and also showed significant (P < 0.001) decrease in whole brain AChE activity. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that formulation Swaranaprashana has nootropic and anti-AChE activity. Hence, it can be employed in enhancing the memory of the child and for the treatment and management of Alzheimer's disease. Optimized content for mobile and hand-held devicesHTML pages have been optimized for mobile and other hand-held devices (such as iPad, Kindle, iPod) for faster browsing speed. Click on [Mobile Full text] from Table of Contents page. This is simple HTML version for faster download on mobiles (if viewed on desktop, it will be automatically redirected to full HTML version)

Women participation and empowerment are fundamental women's rights to enabling women to have control over their lives and put forth influence in society. Women often face discrimination and gender inequalities, with some women experiencing multiple discrimination and exclusion because of factors such as background or caste. This paper is dealth skills development through vocational training along with various measures such as Pradahan Mantri Kausal Vikas Yojna, National Skills Development Corporation, National Skills Development Mission. Ministry of Labor and Employment has taken a number of initiatives in the field of skill development and employment. For instance, training of trainers, Vocational Training for girls is being conducted by Advanced Training Institutes and Regional Vocational Training Institutes run by the Ministry. Vocational Education and training are essential mechanism of any strategy to improve farm and nonfarm productivity that improves rural incomes. Skill is the bridge between job and workforce. Women often have different training needs than men, since they are more likely to work as contributing family workers, subsistence farmers, home-based micro entrepreneurs, or low-paid seasonal laborers, in addition to handling their domestic work and care responsibilities. Skills development is a key to improving household productivity, employability and income-earning opportunities for women and also for enhancing sustainable rural development and livelihoods.

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India stands on 67^th position out of 133 (approx) developing countries with regard to the number of doctors, while stands on 75^th position with respect to number of nurses. Out of total healthcare spending in India, the government owned health facilities accounts for only 20% in comparison to 80% of private sector. Over 72.2% of Indian population lives in rural areas under poor and unsatisfactory environmental conditions, with high levels of openness to diseases and ill health. A significant proportion of poor in India are destitute due to lack of affordability to the services of private hospitals, characterized by highly qualified doctors and costly equipments, whereas public hospitals are noticeable by insufficient number of facilities, lack of personnel, medicines along with long queues which further highlights economical disparity problems of Indian people to thrash about the health related problems. As per the NFHS 2 data, only 43% of the urban poor children are fully immunized by the completion of one year of age. The percentage of severely underweight children among the urban poor is 23.0 which is twice the urban average (11.6%) and five times (4.5%) that of urban high income group. The vast majority of the country suffers from a poor standard of healthcare infrastructure which has not kept up with the growing economy. The only hope for the improvement in condition of the health care system of developing countries can be the mixture of public –private through Public Private Partnership. This paper aims to examine the current status of health infrastructure in developing countries like India, about the challenges lying in front of Government in developing health care system, identifying critical gap and requirements in Health services besides the comparison with other developing economies. It also seeks to examine the socio-economic environment of developing country, attracted towards private sector participation in health care development and review of potential benefits and risk involved, to ensure success and sustainability of Public Private Partnership.

PurposeHuman capital is a portfolio of rich skills that the labour possesses. Human capital has attracted significant attention from scholars. Nevertheless, empirical findings on the utility of human capital have often been divided. To address the research gap in the literature, the authors attempt to understand how human capital plays a significant role in financial development and economic growth nexus.Design/methodology/approachThe authors rely on secondary data published by the World Bank. The authors use econometric tools such as the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model and related statistical tests to study the relationship between human capital, India's financial growth and gross domestic product (GDP) growth.FindingsStudy findings suggest that human capital and financial development contribute significantly to economic growth. Further, the authors found that human capital has a positive and significant moderating effect on the path of joining financial development and economic growth.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the human capital debate. Despite the rich body of literature, the study based on World Bank data confirms the previous findings that investment in human capital is always useful for the financial and economic growth of the nation.Originality/valueThis paper reveals some unique findings regarding effect of financial development and economic growth nexus which opens the window of new dimension to think about their nexus. It also provides a different pathway to foster the economic growth by using human capital and financial development as together, especially in India.