Foley catheters are inevitable in health care unit. Pathogens colonise and form biofilm on catheter causing catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Therefore, the authors aimed to functionalise catheter to resist biofilm formation. The authors impregnated urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to evaluate antibiofilm efficacy and. SNPs were synthesised using . Synergy between the SNPs and antibiotics was determined by the checker-board method. efficacy of the functionalised catheters was assessed in mice. Liver and kidney function tests of mice were performed. The anti-adherence activity of the functionalised catheters was evaluated after 2 years. Nanoparticle sizes were 42-75 nm. Synergistic activity was observed among SNPs (2 µg/ml), amikacin (6.25 µg/ml), and nitrofurantoin (31.25 µg/ml). In mice, catheters functionalised with combinations of antibiotics and SNPs exhibited no colonisation until Day 14. Blood, liver, and kidney tests were normal. After 2 years, catheters functionalised with antibiotics exhibited 25% inhibition of bacterial adhesion, and catheters functionalised with the nanoparticle-antibiotic combination exhibited 90% inhibition. Impregnation of urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and SNPs is an efficient and promising method for preventing biofilm formation.
Biofilm-associated tissue and device infection is a major threat to therapy. The present work aims to potentiate β-lactam antibiotics with biologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. The synergistic combination of amoxyclav with copper oxide nanoparticles was investigated by checkerboard assay and time-kill assay against bacteria isolated from a burn wound and a urinary catheter. The control of biofilm formation and extracellular polymeric substance production by the synergistic combination was quantified in well plate assay. The effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on the viability of human dermal fibroblasts was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of amoxyclav were 70 μg/mL and 140 μg/mL, respectively, against Proteus mirabilis and 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively, against Staphylococcus aureus. The synergistic combination of amoxyclav with copper oxide nanoparticles reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxyclav by 16-fold against P. mirabilis and 32-fold against S. aureus. Above 17.5 μg/mL, amoxyclav exhibited additive activity with copper oxide nanoparticles against P. mirabilis. The time-kill assay showed the efficacy of the synergistic combination on the complete inhibition of P. mirabilis and S. aureus within 20 h and 24 h, respectively, whereas amoxyclav and copper oxide nanoparticles did not inhibit P. mirabilis and S. aureus until 48 h. The synergistic combination of amoxyclav with copper oxide nanoparticles significantly reduced the biofilm formed by P. mirabilis and S. aureus by 85% and 93%, respectively. The concentration of proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA in extracellular polymeric substances of the biofilm was significantly reduced by the synergistic combination of amoxyclav and copper oxide nanoparticles. The fibroblast cells cultured in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles showed normal morphology with 99.47% viability. No cytopathic effect was observed. Thus, the study demonstrated the re-potentiation of amoxyclav by copper oxide nanoparticles.
Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is the clinical gold standard biomaterial for local antibiotic therapy in osteomyelitis. However, it releases 50% of the antibiotic within first three days. It generates excessive heat during polymerization and is non-biodegradable. It must be removed by another operation. The best-known alternative for PMMA is hydroxyapatite. Objective: The present work is focused to synthesize the biodegradable hydroxyapatite in nano form for slow and sustained release of antibiotics and to study the release kinetics of antibiotics. Method: Nano-hydroxyapatite was synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized by particle size analyser, transmission emission microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. Antibiotic loaded nano-hydroxyapatite was prepared as 7 mm beads. The efficiency of drug loaded nano- hydroxyapatite beads against osteomyelitic isolates were evaluated by well diffusion assay. Zero order, first order, second order, Higuchi model Korsmeyer-Peppas and Gompertz model were fit into the release kinetics of antibiotics from hydroxyapatite. Results: Average size of nano-hydroxyapatite was 5 nm. The bactericidal activity exhibited by antibiotic loaded micro sized hydroxyapatite was therapeutic until 10 days only whereas antibiotic loaded nano-hydroxyapatite was therapeutic until 8 weeks. This confirms the burst release of antibiotics from micro sized hydroxyapatite beads. In contrast, the release was slow and sustained upto 8 weeks from nano-hydroxyapatite. Koresmeyer-Peppas model fits into the release kinetics of antibiotics from nano-hydroxyapatite. Conclusion: Nano-hydroxyapatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.78 is suitable for the slow and sustained delivery of antibiotics for 8 weeks.
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