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From the study it was concluded that the majority of the donor population was young and educated. The reason for donation was mainly replacement rather than voluntary. This issue needs to be addressed by exercising proactive measures to increase the number of voluntary, nonremunerated, low-risk donors.

The use of prophylactic enteral bovine colostrum in VLBW infants shows a trend toward increased stool IL-6 and features of NEC. We were unable to detect clinical benefits.

Background and Objectives:India is among the largest countries to implement the revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP). This program provides intermittent regimens to the patients, where the doses of isoniazid and ethambutol are more as compared to the daily regimen, which is a cause of concern, particularly with regard to the ocular toxicity of ethambutol. The present study was undertaken to explore the ocular toxicity in the patients registered under the program.Materials and Methods:This was a prospective single center cohort study of 64 patients of categories I and II, coming to the RNTCP-Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) center at a tertiary care referral hospital. The detailed history, best corrected visual acuity, fundus examination, and color vision test were carried out in all patients at the start of treatment and then at the first and second month of treatment.Results:Loss in visual acuity from the baseline was noted at the second month follow up in 12 (9.4%) eyes (P = 0.001), visual field defects were seen in eight (6.3%) eyes (P = 0.0412), and optic disc abnormalities were observed in six (4.7%) (P = 0.013) eyes. Color vision abnormalities were noted in 16 (12.6%) eyes (P = 0.003), four eyes showed impairment in red–green color perception, and the others showed impairment in blue–yellow color perception as well. Patients with ocular symptoms were advised to stop ethambutol and they showed improvement in visual acuity after follow up of one to two months. The overall outcome of treatment was not affected by discontinuation of ethambutol in these patients.Conclusion:Ethambutol when taken according to program could cause ocular toxicity. The early recognition of ocular symptoms is important to prevent unnecessary delay in diagnosis and probable irreversible visual loss.

The genetic diversity in two buffalo populations of northern India, the Bhadawari and the Tarai was assessed using a set of 22 heterologous (bovine) microsatellite markers. The average number of alleles across all loci in both populations was found to be 4.7, indicating that this set of 22 bovine microsatellite markers could be used to study genetic variation in buffalo species also. The overall polymorphic information content (PIC) value for these markers was 0.54. The average observed and expected heterozygosities for both populations were 0.59 and 0.64, respectively. Common alleles with varying allele frequencies in both populations also represented the genetic variability existing between Bhadawari and Tarai buffaloes. However the h estimates for population differentiation indicated low levels of differentiation between the two populations. This was further supported by the low genetic distance (0.155) between Bhadawari and Tarai, which was calculated using Nei's standard genetic distance method. The present study on Bhadawari and Tarai populations represents a much-needed preliminary effort that could be extended to other local buffalo populations of India as well. Zusammenfassung Genetische Diversita¨tsstudie von zwei nordindischen Büffelpopulationen mit MikrosatellitenmarkernDie genetische Diversität in zwei nordindischen Bü ffelpopulationen, Bhadawari und Tarai wurde mit 22 heterologen-(bovinen) Mikrosatellitenmarkern geschätzt. Die durchschnittlich geschätzte Allelzahl ü ber alle Genorte in beiden Populationen betrug 4,7 und zeigt, dass diese 22 bovine Mikrosatellitenmarker auch benutzt werden kö nnen, um die genetische Variabilität von Bü ffeln zu studieren. Der gesamte ÔÔPolymorphic Information ContentÕÕ (PIC) fü r diese Marker war 0,54. Die durchschnittlichen beobachteten und erwarteten Heterozygotiewerte fü r beide Populationen waren 0,59 beziehungsweise 0,64. Gemeinsame Allele mit unterschiedlichen Frequenzen in beiden Populationen stellten auch die genetische Variabilität dar, die zwischen Bhadawari und Tarai Bü ffeln besteht. Jedoch zeigten die Schätzungen fü r die Populationsdifferenzierung (h) niedrige Werte zwischen den zwei Populationen an. Dies wird auch gestü tzt durch den niedrigen genetischen Abstand (0,155) zwischen Bhadawari und Tarai, der mit Nei's-Standard genetischer Distanzmethode (Ds) berechnet wurde. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen anhand von Bhadawari-und Tarai-Populationen stellen eine dringend benö tigte Basis dar, die auch auf andere lokale indische Bü ffelpopulationen ausgeweitet werden kö nnte.

Patients treated with primary septoplasty showed better results in terms of nasal symmetry when analyzed using two-dimensional photographic analyses.

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Context:Periodontal disease is an immuno-inflammatory disease that is initiated by the interaction between microbial plaque and the periodontal tissues. The data available on the association of periodontal diseases with the lipid profile are conflicting. Therefore, a need for a study in this area was felt.Aims:To evaluate the lipid profile in the serum of patients with chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis with Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and to compare it with healthy controls, to see whether they can serve as potential markers for chronic periodontitis and also to assess whether periodontitis can have systemic effects.Settings and Design:This study is a cross-sectional study.Subjects and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted involving 300 participants in the age group of 30–60 years from October 2010 to May 2015. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each of the study participants, from the antecubital vein. Lipid profile was assessed using the ERBA commercially available kit.Statistical Analysis:Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 17. Multigroup comparison was carried out using ANOVA. The honest significant difference Tukey's test was used in conjunction with ANOVA to find means which are significantly different from each other.Results:When the lipid profile was estimated, total cholesterol (TC) levels were seen to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the DM with periodontitis group. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were seen to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the control group. Mean serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) levels were seen to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the DM with periodontitis group. The triglyceride (TGL) values were also significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the DM with periodontitis group. The HDL and LDL levels were seen to be nonsignificant between chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis with diabetic group.Conclusions:The findings of the study showed that the lipid profile was significantly altered in patients with chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy controls. There was a potentiated difference in the values for TC, VLDL cholesterol, and TGL in patients with chronic periodontitis when compared to patients with Type II DM. HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not show a significant difference.