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There is 67.04% dynamic power reduction with LVCMOS12 when we migrate from 90-nm Spartan-3 FPGA to 40-nm Virtex-6 FPGA. There is 81.19%, 92.05% dynamic power reduction when using LVCMOS12 in place of HSTL_II_18 and SSTL2_I_DCI respectively. We achieved 65.56%, 72.59% and 73.41% dynamic power reduction in ALU with LVDCI IO standard in place of LVDCI_DV2, HSTL_I, and LVCMOS12 respectively. There is 68.34% and 52.51% dynamic power reduction in ALU when using LVCMOS12 and LVCMOS15 in place of LVCMOS25. There is 62.45% dynamic power reduction in ALU, when we use HSTL_I in place of SSTL2_I_DCI. Power is directly proportional to frequency. With increase in frequency, there is increase in power consumption irrespective of IO standard. LVCMOS is the only IO standard, which takes less power when we upgrade our design to latest FPGA.

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This paper presents a comparison between some well-known control schemes such as feedback, feedback plus feed-forward, cascade and cascade plus feed-forward for controlling a third-order process. The controller applied in various control schemes is a PID controller that has been tuned using Ziegler Nichols (ZN) and relay auto-tuning (RA) methods. The comparative analysis is based upon various performance measures such as rise time (t r), settling time (t s), maximum overshoot (M p), steady-state error (e ss), integral of absolute error (IAE), integral of square error (ISE), integral of time square error (ITSE), and integral of time absolute error (ITAE). Simulation results show that the RA method provides superior performance in case of feedback plus feed-forward and cascade control schemes. On the other hand, the ZN method proves to be better in case of cascade plus feed-forward control scheme.

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The applied formalism is useful for the calculation of partial and total integral/or differential cross-sections at low energies. The integral ionization cross-sections showed good agreement with available experimental/or theoretical data. The data obtained for these compounds were not previously available, so the results will be of value to the experimental and theoretical community concerned with plasma and atmospheric processes.

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