Mitosis ensures equal genome segregation in the eukaryotic lineage. This process is facilitated by microtubule attachment to each chromosome via its centromere. In centromeres, canonical histone H3 is replaced in nucleosomes by a centromere-specific histone H3 variant (CENH3), providing the unique epigenetic signature required for microtubule binding. Due to recent findings of alternative CENH3 nucleosomal forms in invertebrate centromeres, it has been debated whether the classical octameric nucleosomal arrangement of two copies of CENH3, H4, H2A, and H2B forms the basis of the vertebrate centromere. To address this question directly, we examined CENH3 [centromere protein A (CENP-A)] nucleosomal organization in human cells, using a combination of nucleosome component analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM). We report that native CENP-A nucleosomes contain centromeric alpha satellite DNA, have equimolar amounts of H2A, H2B, CENP-A, and H4, and bind kinetochore proteins. These nucleosomes, when measured by AFM, yield one-half the dimensions of canonical octameric nucleosomes. Using immuno-EM, we find that one copy of CENP-A, H2A, H2B, and H4 coexist in CENP-A nucleosomes, in which internal C-terminal domains are accessible. Our observations indicate that CENP-A nucleosomes are organized as asymmetric heterotypic tetramers, rather than canonical octamers. Such altered nucleosomes form a chromatin fiber with distinct folding characteristics, which we utilize to discriminate tetramers directly within bulk chromatin. We discuss implications of our observations in the context of universal epigenetic and mechanical requirements for functional centromeres.alternative nucleosomes | cell division | histone variant | regional centromeres E ach eukaryotic chromosome has a centromere, which serves as the sole attachment point for spindle microtubules during mitosis (1). Sister centromeres undergo a distinct phase change from independent discrete spots in the interphase nucleus to a paired constriction on mitotic chromosomes. At the base of the constriction, centromeric DNA is packaged within variant nucleosomes composed of a centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3). In metazoans, centromeric DNA alone is insufficient to dictate centromere location, as evidenced by the formation of satellite-free neocentromeres (2, 3). That a common epigenetic identity prevails can be deduced from a number of studies spanning evolutionary, biochemical, cytological, genetic, and genomic methods (4-22), all of which pinpoint CENH3 as the key epigenetic marker for active centromeres in eukaryotes.Another general feature of CENH3 nucleosomes is that they must provide a stable foundation for kinetochore proteins (23), while still allowing displacement during DNA replication. Studies investigating structural features of centromeric chromatin that contribute to its function have reported that it is refractory to nuclease digestion (24-26) and topologically distinctive (27,28). Direct examinations of Drosophila...
Previous studies have indicated that the pancreas has receptors specific for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and that 1,25-(OH)2D3 increases insulin secretion in vitamin D-deficient rats. In this study we report that in vitamin D-replete, but calcium-deficient, rats in which 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels are elevated, insulin secretion is not altered. In addition, in in vitro studies 1,25-(OH)2D3 at concentrations of 10(-10)-10(-7) M was consistently found to inhibit insulin secretion from islets of vitamin D-replete rats or from the rat insulinoma beta-cell line RIN 1046-38. The RIN cell line was found to contain both vitamin D receptors and calbindin-D28k (CaBP-D28k) protein and mRNA. In RIN cells, treatment with sodium butyrate (2 mM for 3 days) induces a more islet phenotype, as indicated by increased insulin content and secretion and increased insulin gene expression. 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment (50-100 nM for 48 or 72 h) had no effect on the enhanced levels of insulin secreted in the presence of butyrate. However, 2 mM sodium butyrate induced CaBP-D28k protein (4-fold; control, 0.8 +/- 0.2; sodium butyrate, 3.5 +/- 0.1 microgram/mg protein) and mRNA (3-fold) in the RIN cell line, in accord with the induction by butyrate of insulin content and secretion and beta-cell differentiation, suggesting a possible role for CaBP-D28k in these processes. Although 1,25-(OH)2D3, unlike butyrate, did not enhance insulin secretion, both 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 nM) and butyrate (2 mM) inhibited RIN cell growth (to 69% and 28% of the control, respectively), and butyrate and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in combination led to a further inhibition of cell growth (to 13% of the control). In response to 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10 nM for 72 h), vitamin D receptors were up-regulated 313% in RIN cells [control, 37 +/- 2; 1,25-(OH)2D3 treated, 115 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein]. In conclusion, 1) contrary to previous studies in the vitamin D-deficient rat, our findings indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 action does not necessarily result in enhanced insulin secretion; 2) inhibition of cell growth and up-regulation of vitamin D receptors by 1,25-(OH)2D3 suggest that parameters in addition to insulin secretion can be affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the beta-cell; 3) the RIN beta-cell line provides a novel in vitro system for studying the effect of the vitamin D endocrine system on pancreatic islet physiology.
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