Chickens tolerate a very narrow range of climatic variation, and therefore, it is essential to determine the most suitable climatic area and weather for broiler production in open-house systems. In this study, 3060 broilers were used as experimental birds to investigate the effects of seasonal differences and climatic variations on the growth performance of broilers reared in an open-house system. Birds were kept under various treatment models that differ in climate Tropic zone, sub tropic zone and temperate zones. Data were recorded during JulyAugust as summer months and January-February as winter months. Collected data was analyzed using the least square procedure given by Harvey-1990. Significantly higher (p<0.05) level of corticosteroids and H/L ratio of between the experimental birds was observed and consequent effect on feed intake was determined. The body weight and FCR at 42 day was significantly (p≤0.05) higher during winter season in subtropical zone. Subtropical climatic zone was found significantly better than other climatic zone. Efficient management of broiler farming that corresponds for effective feed intake during heat/cold stress to maximize bird's efficiency can significantly increase production efficiency and acquiesce highest profit to broiler farming.

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Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal. The objective of this research was to analyze the prevailing production constraints, characterization of poultry farming and its economic analysis using questionnaire-based survey and on-site investigation. 180 farms were selected from 3 major districts. Garrett's ranking technique was used to analyze the constraints. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) in size of poultry farm was found. We found significant difference in feeding, housing and drinking system for the chicken. Un-organized chicken marketing channel was observed in the study area. High chicks' mortality, wastage of feed, insecure vaccination and frequent drop in egg production were characteristic of laying hens. Newcastle disease and Chronic Respiratory Disease were acknowledged as the biggest constraint of chicken production. Government and concerned agencies need to take active part for the extension service to strengthen the health of chicken and organized marketing channel is essential for selling of poultry products which can improve the profit to the farmers.

Campylobacter is a fastidious organism that is capable of surviving in wide range of environments and potentially can cause serious infection in human and animal which can commonly available in the different sources of water used for daily purpose. This research was conducted to figure out the prevalence of the thermophilic Campylobacter in the water used in various slaughter houses of Kathmandu and Ruphendehi district of Nepal. So a cross sectional study was conducted and 200 water samples (100 for each district) was collected aseptically and submitted to Bacteriological Unit for the confirmation. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter was being done as described by OIE Terrestrial Manual, 2004, Chapter 2.8.10. Laboratory finding was done to confirm the positive cases. The study revealed the prevalence status of Campylobacter in water used in the slaughter house of Ruphendehi district is 12% and Kathmandu Valley is 0.00%. Thus, Ruphendehi has comparatively more prevalence of Campylobacter than Kathmandu. The water samples tested were all from actual or potential water sources for the use in slaughter house, so there are clear implications for the transmission of Campylobacter spp. to human and animal suggesting further expanded research is required in this area. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 75-80

Local marketplaces are remarkable organizations for agricultural product transactions in Ethiopia. However, little is known concerning measurement practices in these micro-trading zones. Thus, this study intended to examine the cereal commodity quantity measurement behaviors of farmers in the local marketplaces of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted in four districts marketplaces (N = 382) of the Oromia Region. The χ2 test was employed to evaluate the association between farmers’ perception of the accuracy of local units and measuring instruments related to immoral buyers’ behaviors. According to the findings, farmers’ cereals quantity measurement behaviors proved the presence of unreliability which created transaction, measurement, social capital, and two-hand palm cereals gift costs. The χ2 test results indicated that farmers’ perceptions of the accuracy of local units and measuring tools related to buyers’ unethical behaviors had significant relationships with bowl, glass, sack, and can local units, except for weight balance in Dendi and Bako Tibe, and for cans in the Gimbichu area. This study demonstrates that standardization of tools and measurements, together with institutional support, would have a huge potential for economizing transaction costs and making equitable cereals exchanges and efficient markets.