No abstract

Background Disorders of mental health are known to affect cognitive functions, hence called as cognitive disorders. Impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, vitamin-D deficiency and oxidative stress are some of the key early events reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of most common cognitive disorders, which include Alzheimer’s disease. Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the known contributing factors of cognitive impairment and dementia. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out in 145 subjects, who were assessed for cognitive function by modified mini mental status examination (3MS). In addition, measurement of fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile, vitamin D and oxidative markers was performed. Participants were divided into different groups based on (a) vitamin D insufficiency and sufficiency; (b) diabetic and non-diabetic with and without cognitive impairment. Results The study included a total of 145 subjects; 51 males and 94 females and the mean age was 68.24±9.70 years. Among diabetics with vitamin D insufficiency, 35 subjects (71.43%) had cognitive impairment, but, among non-diabetics with vitamin D insufficiency, 27 subjects (62.79%) had cognitive impairment. Chi square test showed no significant association between diabetes, vitamin D insufficiency and cognitive impairment. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were non-significantly lower in cognition-impaired subjects, when compared to cognition normal subjects in diabetics with vitamin D insufficiency. Conclusion Our study showed that cognitive impairment is more predominant in individuals with diabetes. However, our study did not find any significant relationship between T2DM, vitamin D deficiency, cognitive impairment, and oxidative stress. A significant association was found only with GPx and 3MSE score in vitamin D insufficient non-diabetics.

Background: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. The good irrigation of the ocular tissues is ensured by an adequate ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) which depends on a complex regulatory process that balances blood pressure (BP) and the intraocular pressure (IOP). Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to study the role of gender and BMI on OPP in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 healthy young adult volunteers comprising 50 obese (25 males and 25 females) and 50 non-obese (25 males and 25 females) in the age group of 18-19 years were selected among MBBS Phase I students of JSS Medical College, JSSU, Mysuru. BP and IOP were recorded using standard methods. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and OPP were calculated. Results: Systolic BP (P < 0.001), MAP (P < 0.001), IOP (P < 0.05), and OPP (P < 0.05) were higher in obese group when compared with non-obese group. MAP and OPP were significantly higher in obese males when compared with obese females (P < 0.001). Similarly, significantly higher MAP and OPP were observed in non-obese males when compared with non-obese females (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The MAP, IOP, and OPP were significantly higher in obese group. There exists a significant gender difference in MAP and OPP, which were significantly higher in males.

Introduction and Aim: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is presently the commonest and most prevalent disorder of metabolism which, if unmanaged, can lead to macro and micro-vascular disorders as complications. The preventive and therapeutic options for the same have been drastically improved than before and the life expectancy of the affected population has risen, but with the emergence of few other new complications like cognitive impairment and dementia. Insulin Resistance (IR) is a preclinical stage during diabetes and can potentially affect cognition. Cognition is the capability of an individual to process the given information through perception. Cognition is a broad spectrum including different cognitive domains like learning, attention, memory, language, reasoning, decision making, visuospatial skills etc., which forms the basis of intellectual development. Our present aim is to study the relationship between the glycemic profile and cognition status in diabetics.   Materials and Methods:  The study population included a total of 232 subjects with the age of 40-70 years of both genders. They were recruited after obtaining the informed written consent. Fasting blood glucose, Insulin levels, HbA1C were analyzed. The insulin resistance indices such as The HOmeostasis Model of IR (HOMA-IR), QUantitative Insulin-sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and HOMA percent beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were derived. Cognition status was assessed and scored using the Modified Mini Mental Status (3MS) test.   Results: HbA1c score and the 3MS score showed an association where both were negatively correlated. Insulin resistance induces too were negatively correlated with cognitive function.   Conclusion: Thus, our study suggests that unmanaged diabetes mellitus type 2 may affect the cognition. Accordingly, early diagnosis of the condition and its management is crucial to bring down the incidence of cognitive impairment, further dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction and Aim: Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness across the globe. It is known that Intraocular pressure is responsible for these altered changes but recent experimental and clinical studies have reported that cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) and trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD), may be an important cause of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, especially in subjects with normal-tension glaucoma. To assess the correlation between ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and TLCPD in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: One hundred healthy young adult volunteers comprising of 50 obese (25 males and 25 females) and 50 non-obese (25 males and 25 females) in the age group of 18-19 years among MBBS Phase I students of JSS Medical College, JSSU, Mysore were the subjects for the study. Blood Pressure and Intra Ocular Pressure were recorded. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), OPP, CSFPand TLCPD were calculated. Results: There exists a positive correlation (0.50) between OPP and TLCPD. There was a statistically significant difference in OPP, CSFP and TLCPD between obese and non-obese groups. Conclusion: The present study provides information on the relationship of TLCPD with CSFP and OPP that are higher in obese individuals.