Changes in sleep-wakefulness were studied in male Wistar rats after destruction of the medial septal neurons with NMDA. Electroencephalogram, electromyogram and electrooculogram were recorded for 24 h prior to the destruction of the medial septum, and 7, 14 and 21 days after the destruction. There was a decrease in the total amount of slow wave sleep and frequency of slow wave sleep episodes after the lesion. It also produced an increase in the duration of paradoxical sleep episodes. These findings are in contrast to the changes produced after lesion of other basal forebrain areas. The present findings suggest that the medial septum may be involved in the genesis of slow wave sleep and inhibition of the durations of paradoxical sleep episodes.
The hypocretins (Hcrts, also known as orexins) are two peptides, both synthesized by a small group of neurons, most of which are in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical regions of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic Hcrt system directly and strongly innervates and potently excites noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic neurons. Hcrt also has a major role in modulating the release of glutamate and other amino acid transmitters. Behavioral investigations have revealed that Hcrt neurons are maximally active in active waking. In rats, hypocretin neuronal activity is maximal during exploration and minimal during quiet waking and sleep. Degeneration of Hcrt neurons or genetic mutations that prevent the normal synthesis of Hcrt or of its receptors causes human and animal narcolepsy. Administration of Hcrt can reverse symptoms of narcolepsy in animals, may be effective in treating human narcolepsy, and may affect a broad range of motivated behaviors.The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been implicated in wakefulness. One possibility is that it induces wakefulness by driving the basal forebrain (BF) wake-active neurons (Gerashchenko and Shiromani 2004). The activity of the BF wake-active neurons is hypothesized to release the sleep-inducing factor adenosine (AD), which begins to accumulate as wakefulness progresses. The AD is then hypothesized to inhibit the wake-active neurons (Strecker et al. 2000) and their silence allows the VLPO and median preoptic GABAergic sleep-active neurons to fire and sleep ensues. Here we measure AD levels in the BF and test the LH-BF circuit in Sprague-Dawley rats with lesions of the LH induced by hypocretin-2-saporin. 64 days after lesions the rats were implanted with sleep-recording electrodes and a guide cannula into the basal forebrain. Two weeks later, the rats were kept awake (gentle handling) for six hours (ZT 3-9) and microdialysis samples (5 mL) were collected hourly for 9 h (24 h after probe stabilization). AD levels were assessed using HPLC (see Murillo-Rodriguez et al. 2004 for details).Hypocretin-saporin ablated 95% of the hypocretin neurons with a resultant decline in CSF levels (-75% vs. control). AD levels increased with 6 h waking in saline control rats (n = 9), consistent with previous studies in cats (Strecker et al. 2000) and rats (Murillo-Rodriguez et al. 2004). However, in rats with LH lesions (n = 5) such an increase with waking did not occur. The homeostatic response to sleep loss was measured by conducting a rodent version of an MSLT where the rats were kept awake for 20 min and then allowed 20 min to sleep. This protocol was started at ZT2 and continued until lights were turned off. The lesioned rats were found to have more sleep during the 20 min sleep periods indicating a higher sleep drive in these rats.Previously, we (Gerashchenko et al. 2001) found that rats with LH lesions had increased sleep during the night, and here we found that they have increased sleep drive as measured by an MSLT. The increased sleep drive in thes...
Corneal injuries remain an important cause of avoidable and, predominantly, monocular visual morbidity, the main strategy to prevent these injuries has been to educate people to identify high-risk situations and to take correct action to avoid danger. Present study conducted in the department of ophthalmology of Raichur institute of Medical sciences teaching Hospital, with 49 patients of ocular trauma above 14 years of either sex was subjected to slit lamp examination to ensure the cornea is involved the etiology of the injury was noted. Then the pattern of the corneal injury was studied under the slit lamp examination. The Prevalence of corneal blindness was 10.20% (5) were had corneal blindness in both eyes and 24.49% (12) were had corneal blindness in one eye in Raichur. The majority of corneal injuries are avoidable. Eye health promotion strategies are warranted to raise awareness about the causes and prevention of corneal blindness.
Postoperative operative inflammation following cataract surgery is common occurrence may be due to several surgery-dependent factors such as surgical trauma, intraocular lens type, and due to various physical, chemical and biological agents introduced during surgery and also on patient-dependent factors such as history of inflammatory disease and degree of iris pigmentation. Anti-inflammatory agents are routinely prescribed following cataract extraction surgery to resolve signs and symptoms of inflammation more rapidly and to improve patient comfort. For the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and pain the most widely prescribed topical corticosteroid is betamethasone 0.1%, and Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% a strong topical steroid. Hence, this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids-Difluprednate 0.05% and betamethasone 0.1%, in managing inflammation and pain following post cataract extraction surgery. In a total 100 patients were randomized into two groups Group -A (50 patients) prescribing topical Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% and Group-B (50 patients) prescribing betamethasone phosphate 0.1%. in our observation after 15 days no pain in group-A, after 30 days no one are having corneal oedema in group-A. Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% drug was efficient in the reduction of anterior chamber cells and flare with betamethasone phosphate 0.1% being more rapid. Based on our findings and previous study results, Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% can be used in post-operative management post cataract surgery, however, further clinical trials with long follow-up periods are required.
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