Ceramic tile waste, which is obtained from construction sites, demolition sites, and manufacturing industries, has a negative impact on the environment. Recycling these ceramic tiles to produce concrete could be a useful strategy for preserving the environment and enhancing the concrete's inherent qualities. To lessen the impact of waste materials on the environment, this study seeks to ascertain whether it is feasible to substitute waste materials from ceramic tiles as coarse aggregates in the production of concrete. Experimental studies were conducted and the concrete grade 30 was tested for slump test, compression test, and water absorption test, at various curing times of 7, 14, and 28 days. Additional water absorption of the CTA lead to increased water demand, which then increased the levels of porosity and reduced workability. The high porosity of the CTA concrete reduces the density of the concrete and has an impact on compressive strength. CTA has the probability to be used, but precaution needs to be required, especially for higher replacements that may influence the compressive strength and thus partial replacement is suggested.
Of late, the human population has increased tremendously, accelerated pace of development caused the depletion of resources and changes in the earth's environment. As a result, the approach to minimizing the earth's environment is that to fulfill human needs are required. One of the approaches is by use of the green building which low carbon footprint in construction as well as reduces the negative environmental damage. The current study is aligned with ongoing global efforts for sprouting robust green building technologies. Using bamboo as the main environmental-friendly material, this paper is to create enhancement in the materials of metal roofing while solving the complications (i.e., corroding, lack of proper installation, natural defects, and unsafety) that have been occurring using metal roofing in the construction industry. Therefore, this study aims to propose an innovative idea for Bamboo Metal Roofing which includes its components, manufacturing process, dimensional guide design, and potential impact. An overview of Bamboo Metal Roofing through an extensive literature review via three main databases (ie., Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus) was conducted. Then, the 3D model using Google SketchUp was used to visualize the concept and idea of the proposed Bamboo Metal Roofing. The findings indicated that the proposed Bamboo Metal Roofing has great potential to be marketed (i.e., local or international) due to its impact (i.e., simple, easy, and fast installation, environmentalfriendly, cost-effective (i.e., material management), and high-quality construction. Hence, it is hoped that the proposed Bamboo Metal Roofing would reduce the issues associated with the existing metal roofing as well as minimize environmental impact.
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