A study was conducted to investigate the population dynamics of four important coccids viz., Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), Ceroplastes actiniformis Green, Cardiococcus bivalvata (Green) and Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) infesting sandal in Bangalore, India. Meteorological data viz., monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, morning and evening relative humidity and total rainfall were also collected during the experimental period for statistical analysis to ascertain their influence on the population of coccids. The results show that all the four coccids are infesting sandal throughout the year. Maximum temperature exhibited significantly negative correlation with the population dynamics of A. orientalis, while other weather parameters did not show much influence on its incidence. In case of C. bivalvata, minimum temperature and morning relative humidity exhibited significant positive correlation with its population dynamics while other weather parameters had less significant effect on its population dynamics. For C. actiniformis and P. nigra, none of the weather factors seem to have influence on their incidences.
Investigations were carried out to study the effect of organic farming with various sources of organic manures and their combinations on nitrogen use efficiency parameters of ADT 36 rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiments were laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with fourteen treatments, comprising twelve treatment combinations of organic manures, one treatment with recommended dose of chemical fertilizer and the other was absolute control which were replicated three times. The recommended dose of NPK fertilizer was 90: 40: 40 kg ha-1 for Kharif and Rabi rice. The recommended dose of 90 kg N ha-1 was substituted through organics viz., farm yard manure (FYM), Sesbaniarostrata, composted coirpith alone and in combination with neem cake and Azolla. The nitrogen use efficiency parameters such as partial factor productivity (PFP N), agronomic efficiency (AE N), recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen (RE N), physiological efficiency of applied nitrogen (PE N) and internal efficiency of applied nitrogen(IE N) values were high in the treatment receiving FYM + neem cake applied at 90 kg N ha-1 level.
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