Aim: To assess the association between the severity of retinopathy and HbA1c status in patients with diabetes mellitus. Study design: A Cross-sectional study. Place and duration: In the department of Ophthalmology, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi for six-months duration from December 2020 to May 2021. Methods: The study included 120 patients of both sexes with type I and type II diabetes, aged 35-80 years. Full ophthalmology examination was carried out including the slit lamp examination, best visual acuity correction, fundus examination and Goldman applanation tonometry. The diabetic retinopathy is graded from Grade 0-Grade V. Results: Of the 120 cases, 58 (49%) were male and 52 (51%) were female. 60 ± 2.4 years was the mean age of patients with 35-80 years of age range for men and 40-75 years for women. Figure 1 is a bar graph showing the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Grade-I diabetic retinopathy was seen in 45(37.5%) patients and Grade-V was noted in 5%. The good control of glycemia was seen in 38 patients and 20.8% had Grade III glycemic control. The worst glycemic control was seen in patients with Grade-IV diabetic retinopathy having 11.8 of HbA1c. Conclusions: This analysis found that severe diabetic retinopathy was seen in patients with poor control of glycemia in comparison to patients with better diabetes control. There is a direct relationship between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and levels of HbA1c levels. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, Vitreous hemorrhage, HbA1C, Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Aim: To access the difference between the mean thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in myopic eyes (down to -6.00 D) and the normal eye. Study Design: An Observational and Descriptive study. Place duration: In the department of Ophthalmology, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi for six-months duration from June 2020 to November 2020. Methods: In this study, the mean comparison of RNFL among 70 myopic eyes (down to -6.00 D) and 70 normal eyes of the same age was done. 15-45 years was the patients’ age range. A comprehensive eye exam was performed and thickness of RNFL was evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Data analysis was done with t-test for independent samples using SPSS 21.0; p <0.05 as the significant value. Results: The RNFL mean variation between both groups was 5.901 µm (SE: 1.930). The mean RNFL thickness in the group of people with myopia was 96.31 ± 11.121 µm with (SE: 1.310) and mean age was 28.32 ± 7.452 years. The mean thickness of RNFL was 94.210 ± 9.521 µm in the right eye and 99.175 ± 11.142 µm in the left eye. The RNFL mean score of thickness for eyes with myopia distributed normally as p <0.04. The RNFL mean score of thickness for normal group was (102.81 ± 11.48 µm) with (SE: 1.40), and the mean thickness of RNFL evaluated in healthy eyes did not show a normal distribution as P <0.20. This study outcomes exhibited a statistically substantial variance between the mean thickness of RNFL assessed in myopic and normal eyes (p <0.003). Conclusion: There is a significant variation in mean thickness of RNFL between normal and myopic eyes as assessed by optical coherence tomography. Appropriate understanding of data of RNFL in eyes with myopia is suggested to evade glaucoma misdiagnosis. Keywords: Optical coherence tomography, Myopia and Thickness of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer.
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