Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescent presenting with night time leg's pain at Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital Ak CMH Muzaffarabad. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study, which was conducted at the pediatric Department SKBZ/CMH Muzaffarabad, during six months from July 2021 to December 2021. All the adolescent children presented with leg's pain during sleep at night and both genders presenting at paediatric OPD were included. After obtaining informed consent, a 3ml blood ample was obtained from each case and immediately sent to the Hospital diagnostic laboratory to assess the vitamin D level. All demographic information, including vitamin levels, were documented via study proforma and SPSS version 26 was used to enter and analyze all of the data. Results: A total of 60 adolescent children who presented with leg's pain were studied to observe their vitamin D levels and their average age was 05.93+2.94 years. Out of all, 40 (66.7%) cases were males and 20 (33.3%) were females. Only two children were found with normal vitamin D level, and from all of the remaining 50.0% had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and 46.7% had insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL). Vitamin D deficiency was statistically significant according to age (p-0.006), whereas it was statistically insignificant according to gender (p-0.117). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was observed to be higher among almost all the cases presented with leg's pain during the night. This was an alarming situation to our current generation. According to these findings, it is estimated that vitamin D deficiency increases with increasing age. Keywords: Vitamin D, deficiency, children, leg’s pain
Objective: To find out the pattern of CHD and associated risk factors among children presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A case-control study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cardiology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital, Rawlakot from July 2020 to June 2021. Material and Methods: A total of 207 children of both genders, screened by ECG along with chest x-ray and further confirmed with the diagnosis of CHD through echocardiography were enrolled as cases. Same number of healthy controls (n=207) were recruited from immunization center of the study institution. Among cases, types of CHD were noted. For cases and controls, demographic, antenatal and maternal risk factors including maternal age, gender of the child, history of consanguinity, history of febrile illness in pregnancy, use or multi-vitamin or folic acid in pregnancy, bad obstetrical history and maternal diabetes mellitus were noted. Results: In a total of 414 children (207 cases and 207 controls), there were 219 (53.8%) male. In terms of CHD types among cases, VSD was the most noted in 62 (30.0%), ASD 35 (16.9%), TOF 33 (15.9%) and PDA in 30 (14.5%). Cases were found to have significant association with younger age (78.3% cases below 1 year of age vs. 64.7% in controls, p=0.0085), bad obstetrical history (p=0.0002), history of febrile illness in 1st trimester of pregnancy (p=0.0229) and lack of multivitamins and folic acid in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (p=0.0147). Conclusion: Majority of the children with CHDs were male and aged below 1 year. VSD, ASD, TOF and PDA were the most frequent types of CHD. Younger age, bad obstetrical history, history of febrile illness in 1st trimester of pregnancy and lack of multivitamins and folic acid in the 1st trimester of pregnancy were found to have significant association with CHDs among children. Keywords: Congenital heart disease, echocardiography, ventricular septal defect.
Objective: To find out prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among hospitalized children aged 6-months to 5 years at a tertiary care hospital of Poonch, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital, Rawlakot from July 2020 to December 2020. Material and Methods: A total of 189 admitted children of both genders aged between 6 to 60 months were included. At the time of enrollment, age, gender, area of residence and socioeconomic status of all children were noted. To label IDA, a World Health Organization (WHO) criterion was adopted as hemoglobin below 11 g/dL. Chi square test was used to compare data between IDA and non-IDA children considering p-value < 0.05 as significant. Results: Out of a total of 189 cases, there were 103 (54.5%) male. Overall, mean age was 29.3±6.8 months while 106 (56.1%) children were aged between 6 to 24 months. There were 130 (68.8%) children who belonged to rural areas of residence. Socio-economic status was low in 110 (58.2%) children. Malnourishment was identified in 38 (20.1%) children. Gastrointestinal disorders were the commonest reasons of admission found in 82 (43.4%) children. The prevalence of IDA was noted in 103 (54.5%) children. Table-2 is showing association of anemia with respect to various variables studied. Younger age (p=0.0091), rural area of residence (p=0.0039), low socio-economic status (p=0.0036) and malnourishment (p=0.0001) were observed to have significant association with the prevalence of IDA. Conclusion: The prevalence of IDA was high (54.5%) in admitted children aged between 6 to 60 months. Younger age, rural area of residence, low socio-economic status and malnourishment were observed to have significant association with the prevalence of IDA. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin, malnourishment, gastrointestinal disorders.
Objective: To find out the frequency of electrolyte abnormalities among children with acute gastroenteritis. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital, Rawlakot from July 2020 to December 2020. Material and Methods: A total of 159 children of both genders aged between 1 month to 5 years and presenting with acute gastroenteritis at outpatient or emergency department were included. At the time of enrolment, clinical and physical examinations were performed while medical history and presenting complaints were recorded. Frequency of electrolyte abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia were noted on a predesigned proforma. Results: In a total of 159 children, 86 (54.1%) were male. Mean age was noted to be 2.1+1.7 years while 69 (43.4%) children were aged between 1 to 3 years. Majority of the children, 104 (65.4%) belonged to rural areas of residence. Abdominal pain, vomiting and lethargy were the other most frequently observed presenting complaints noted among 91(57.2%), 60 (37.7%) and 51 (32.1%) children respectively. Among all children, mean serum sodium was noted to be 140+11.3 meq/L. Hyponatremia was found to be among 45 (28.3%) children while hypernatremia was present in 28 (17.6%) children with AGE. Mean serum potassium was calculated to be 4.2+3.7 mmol/L. Hypokalemia was found to be present among 28 (17.6%) children while hyperkalemia was noted to be among 10 (6.3%) children. Conclusion: Frequency of electrolyte abnormalities was found to be high among children with acute gastroenteritis. Timely identification and treatment of children presenting with acute gastroenteritis coupled with electrolyte abnormalities needs to be done to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Keywords: Acute gastroenteritis, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia
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