The prevalence of polycythemia in men treated with clomiphene citrate was markedly lower than that in men on testosterone replacement therapy. The improvement in absolute serum testosterone levels was similar to that in men on testosterone replacement. There is no significant risk of polycythemia in men treated with clomiphene citrate for hypogonadism.

Introduction: Urinary biomarkers are entering the clinical landscape as a non-invasive method to evaluate patients for bladder cancer, however it is currently predominantly used in the surveillance setting. The use of biomarkers in the setting of primary hematuria is not widespread despite initial promising results. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on the diagnostic performance of FDA-approved biomarkers in the evaluation of primary hematuria.Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Libraries, HTA database, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched up to June 2017 for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of FDA-approved urinary biomarkers amongst patients presenting with primary hematuria. The quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool.Results: Fourteen studies met the pre-specified eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. The biomarkers assessed in these studies were AssureMDx, Bladder tumor antigen, CxBladder, NMP22, UroVysion and uCyt+. Across these four biomarkers, the sensitivity ranged from 0.67 to 0.95, and specificity from 0.68 to 0.93, respectively. There was significant heterogeneity between the included studies. Limited head-to-head comparison with urine cytology demonstrated that in general, the biomarkers have superior sensitivity but inferior specificity. Overall, the quality of evidence was graded as moderate primarily because of inadequate blinding.Conclusion: The current diagnostic performance of biomarkers are inadequate to replace cystoscopy in the primary hematuria setting. However, AssureMDx in particular may have a role as a triage test for cystoscopy but further prospective data is required to validate these findings. Given the current evidence, the use of these markers as an adjunct to cystoscopy for the evaluation of hematuria should be considered investigational.

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In the present work, the new exact solutions of the Boiti—Leon—Pempinelli system have been found. The system has extensive physical background. The exact solutions of the Boiti—Leon—Pempinelli system are investigated using similarity transformation method via Lie group theory. Lie symmetry generators are used for constructing similarity variables for the given system of partial differential equations, which lead to the new system of partial differential equations with one variable less at each step and eventually to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Finally, these ODEs are solved exactly. The exact solutions are obtained under some parametric restrictions. The elastic behavior of the soliton solutions is shown graphically by taking some appropriate choices of the arbitrary functions involved in the solutions.

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2 + 1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system Exact solutions Similarity transformations method a b s t r a c t Some more similarity solutions of the coupled Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system have been obtained by using similarity transformations method via Lie-group theory. The solutions are attained under the restrictions imposed on the functions involved in infinitesimals. Then, solutions are investigated through the graphical representation in different cases. The cases depend upon some suitable choice of arbitrary functions involved there i.e. in the solutions to get physically meaningful structures. Analytical solutions are supplemented by numerical simulations with appropriate choice of arbitrary functions and constants. Eventually, profiles show single soliton, elastic multisolitons, quasi periodic, parabolic and asymptotic nature of solutions.

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