First results of new trembling aspen (Populus tremula L.) special factorial crosses are presented. At first, productive parent trees were selected: five maternal and five paternal trees without symptoms of heart rot and one tree with fruiting bodies of this fungal attack. The results of phenotypic and genotypic analyses of parent trees, their compatibility, and growth performance are presented. The analysis of the hybrid seedlings’ survival and their growth performance on open ground are shown. Estimates of general and specific combining abilities of the parent trees were carried out and potentially best hybrid families and seedlings were selected.
Poplar – Populus L. is a widely-distributed major forestry species in the north hemisphere. Here we investigated poplars selected in the local forests, introduced from different regions, and hybrids during the last 60 years. More than 300 clones and varieties were introduced from 30 locations of the former USSR and more than 4,000 new poplar hybrids were bred in the Voronezh region and maintained in the field collections and field tests of the Central Chernozem region. Based on the variety testing, we selected the most promising clones and varieties as well as developed the assortment for different target forest plantations. Also, the tested varieties were patented by the Federal Registration including the black and white poplars: ‘Steppe Lada’, ‘Breeze’, ‘Surprise’, ‘Bolide’, ‘Veduga’. We developed a new series of hybrids with P. tremula by collaborating with the Germany Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In these series the factorial crossings included the hybrids between the heart rot stable and fast-growing parental forms with unstable to decay parents. Our study will build the way of developing the heart rot stable genotypes of aspen based on the genetic architecture. Our varieties will strengthen the local timber supply and the reclamation of the disturbed lands as well as to replenish the assortments for landscaping in the region and other territories.
Hybridization offers huge potential in domesticating species. Poplars are important for wood production and also ornamental uses. Only two poplar parents can generate by hybridization more than 500,000 different offspring phenotypes. The article reviews some international results and presents some Russian results of poplar hybridization, emphasizing the Central Chernozem Region of the European part of Russia. During 60 years 736 crosses were realized, resulting in 54,000 hybrid seedlings. In different field trials 243 superior clones were selected. For practical operations twelve cultivars of the most productive and frost resistant poplar hybrids were selected. Three of them are now approved as varieties by the state registration authorities. In order to mitigate the risks from unforeseen disease, injury or other adverse factors in defined environments several cultivars with close economic value but with different genetic composition should be available.
The work is devoted to the study of the trends existing in forest breeding in Russia over the recent years, their comparison with similar achievements in foreign countries with close climatic conditions, and the assessment of the prospects for the development of this scientific and production direction in our country, based on the obtained results. The official data of State inventories over the last 25 years and national scientific publications were used. A number of foreign literature sources were also considered for comparison in addition to Russian sources. Quantitative indices of the following processes were studied: selection of plus trees; creation of clone archives, provenance trial and population-ecological plantations; allocation of forest genetic reserves and plus stands; organization of temporary and permanent forest seed plots; and creation of mother plantations, forest seed orchards and progeny field tests of plus trees. Materials on the development or degradation of forest genetic resources in Russia were analyzed by years. The analysis has shown that in Russia there is a regression of the state forest genetic and breeding complex. Over the past 25 years, there has been an average 50 % decline in individual components, with fluctuations in various indices ranging from 7 to 940 %. A comparison of the development of the unified forest genetic complex in our country with its development in a number of foreign countries (Canada, Norway, Sweden, and Finland) revealed our lag in almost all indices by several times. In particular, the selection intensity of plus trees in the countries of Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) is 21.0–61.7 times higher than in Russia. The provision with forest seed orchards in the Russian Federation is 2.7–12.0 times lower than in Norway and Finland. At the same time forest seed orchards of the more progressive, second order represent a large share in the Nordic countries. For instance, in Canada there are more than 30 % of them. In the Russian Federation, such plantations are practically absent and are not listed in official documents. The analysis has shown that it is time to develop a new long-term program of genetic and breeding improvement of forest tree species in order to preserve sustainable reforestation of Russian forests and their valuable gene pool, as well as to identify those responsible for its implementation. For citation: Tsarev A.P., Laur N.V., Tsarev V.A., Tsareva R.P. The Current State of Forest Breeding in the Russian Federation: The Trend of Recent Decades. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 38–55. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-38-55
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