A cytological study of pollen of different species of the genus Lysimachia L. has been carried out. This is part of the comprehensive study of biological, anatomical, cytological, biochemical and molecular genetic features of the common species in Ukraine of this genus. The genetic collection of the genus Lysimachia has been begun to create on the territory of Feofania Park in Kyiv which is the government designated park. The general appearance and sculpture of pollen grains and the sensitivity of pollen of some species of the genus Lysimachia to different conditions of plant cultivation were studied. The pollen morphology and structure of his shell in of L. nummularia L., L. punctata L. and L. vulgaris L. studied using the scanning electron microscope. The obtained results made it possible to confirm that the shape of pollen grains, the structure of its shell are genetically determined and bear the specific features of the taxon. Growth and development of plants of Lysimachia in different conditions of the environment affect the biometric indices of pollen and its fertility. The sensitivity of pollen to exogenous conditions is elevated during the flowering of plants, compared to the phase of budding. There was a tendency towards a decrease in the diameter of pollen grains with the flower opening of the L. punctata and L. vulgaris in the cultivation of plants in conditions with increased exposure to anthropogenic factors. A high level of pollen fertility for plants of L. nummularia has been established.
The study of flowers of Lysimachia nummularia L. showed that glandular trichomes are formed on the stamen filaments, as well as on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the sepals and petals. The polyfunctionality of trichomes in plants Lysimachia nummularia are based on the biochemical and anatomical heterogeneity of cells and secretory structures, which are a functional component of the ecological plasticity of the species. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the tissues of leaves, stems and flowers begins at the early stages of plant development. Secondary metabolites are localized in the cytoplasm of the cells of the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves, in the parenchyma of the stems of brephical plants. A significant amount of condensed polyphenolic compounds are found in cells of the parenchyma of the receptacle, the integumentary tapetum and the epidermis of the petals in the surrounding polysaccharides. They act as a chemical barrier, which slows down the oxidation of phenols. A significant number of pectins and glycans were found in the cells of the glandular trichomes. A certain spatial uneven distribution of polysaccharides in the external secretory structures is established. It is shown that they are concentrated in the basal cells of the legs and are almost completely absent in cells that are directly linked to the secretory head. Their cell walls are thin and almost completely formed by pectins. This creates the prerequisites for easy head breaking along with secretory fillers. Under such conditions, when they are harvested by bees, the risk of premature leakage, oxidation and polymerization of biologically active compounds is reduced. Polysaccharides in the cells of the secretory epithelium can be considered as the basis for the creation of a biopolymer film with bactericidal and fungicidal components that use bees when facing cell nests. It was found out that the cell components of the trichome head are capable of intense autofluorescence in blue, blue-green and green spectrums. The expressed structural and biochemical heterogeneity of micromorphological elements of the secretory system of plants Lysimachia nummularia is physiologically and ecologically related to their functions. In our opinion, these functions can be much more complicated than it was thought up to this day. Among these, their direct or indirect participation in the work of systems of extracellular and long-distance signaling, regulation of forage and nesting behavior of insects cannot be excluded.
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