The C2 toxin of Clostridium botulinum is a binary bacterial protein toxin, comprising the enzyme component C2I and the separate binding/translocation component C2IIa. C2IIa mediates the transport of C2I into the host cell cytosol. The N-terminal domain of C2I (C2IN) is enzymatically inactive but essential for C2IIa-mediated internalization of C2I. Here, we exploit the C2IIa/C2IN system to generate a recombinant C2IN-streptavidin fusion protein allowing for the delivery of biotinylated molecules into the cytosol of mammalian cells. C2IN-streptavidin overproduced in E. coli was affinity-purified and capable of binding biotinylated proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. Real-time surface plasmon resonance confirmed the biotin-mediated interaction yielding a K(D)-value of approximately 0.75 muM. Internalization of C2IN-streptavidin into the cytosol of epithelial cells and macrophages was demonstrated by immunoblot analysis and confirmed by confocal microscopy. Cell viability studies showed no cytotoxic effects of the novel transporter. Furthermore, Vero cells treated with biotin-fluorescein or biocytin-Alexa488 as model cargo displayed a specific C2IN-streptavidin/C2IIa-dependent uptake, providing proof-of-principle for the functionality of this novel delivery system.

A simple and cost-efficient media campaign appears to enhance the performance of chest compressions. Ventilation performance and the rate of CPR performance were not increased by the campaign.

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