Herein, we report the efficacy of Brønsted acid‐functionalized CDs in an enriched preparation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) energy fuel building‐block compounds. The cheap p‐toluenesulphonic acid was used as a precursor to prepare CD‐SO3H by employing a simple, one‐pot and scalable protocol. The high‐end analytical techniques endorsed the catalyst's higher acid density and minimum particle size characteristics. Its glucose reaction evaluation resulted in an 82 mol% HMF using glucose via dehydration. Similarly, it enabled an 85 mol% EL from levulinic acid via esterification under modest reaction conditions. It also promoted the synthesis of other varieties of alkyl levulinates (such as levulinic acid 1‐butyl and methyl esters) with a similar yield result. The recyclability study showed that it could be reused for up to 5 cycles. Overall, the catalytic setup represented an environmentally‐friendly and feasible method for process development.
Nanomaterials that respond to stimuli are of considerable
interest
for drug delivery applications. Drug delivery has been a leading challenge
when it comes to the externally triggered controlled release of hydrophobic
drugs. The present paper describes a unique arrangement of polymers
in a competitive environment derived from the dynamic self-sorting
behavior of the hydrophobic chains of amphiphilic mPEG–PLLA and poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA)-coated iron
oxide nanoparticles IONP@PLLA to achieve a core–shell
structure in which the hydrophobic PLLA part acts as
a dense core and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an uncrowded
shell. By using irreversible covalent interactions created by hydrophobic
polymer-functionalized IONPs, it was possible to selectively
form socially self-sorted nanocarriers (SS-NCs) with
a higher hydrophobic core than the hydrophilic shell over narcissistic
self-sorted nanocarriers (NS-NCs), that is, homo-micelles
of amphiphilic polymers. The higher hydrophobic core of SS-NCs is indeed helpful in achieving higher drug [doxorubicin (DOX)] loading
and encapsulation efficiencies of around 17 and 90%, respectively,
over 10.3 and 65.6% for NS-NCs. Furthermore, due to the
presence of IONPs and the densely packed hydrophobic
compartments, the controlled release of DOX was facilitated by direct
magnetism and temperature stimulation when an alternating magnetic
field (AMF) was applied. An appreciably higher rate of drug release
(∼50%) than that without AMF (∼18%) was achieved under
ambient conditions in 24 h. The present study, therefore, proposes
a new drug delivery system that exceeds homo-micelles and adds an
extra feature of manipulating drug release through magnetism and temperature,
that is, hyperthermia.
Organic solvents limit [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA –RE) in biological fields. We examined the formation of 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs) through CA–RE reactions and their unusual reactivity to produce N-heterocyclic compounds when surfactant nature...
Developing a cost-effective processing approach for generating fuel-precursor chemicals such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural has been researched to a great deal over the last few years. Typically, these chemicals are produced using a different carbohydrate source, like xylose for furfural and glucose for HMF. Herein, we report the significant formation of these furan chemicals using glucose over the fine-tuned Fe2+@SO3-CD nanocomposite. The catalyst exhibiting two different acidic sites, namely Lewis and Brønsted, developed by the iron (II) metal and sulfonate groups, respectively, offered a synergistic effect on the glucose decomposition into furans. Mechanistically, the iron (II) Lewis metal acid sites play a vital role in the significant formation of furfural. In addition, the biphasic system comprising THF/H2O influenced a selective HMF and furfural formations, achieving as high as 85% HMF (94% selectivity) in 1:2 THF/H2O and 56% furfural (90% selectivity) in 1:1 THF/H2O. The recyclability study disclosed that the catalyst is effective for 4 recycles. The green metrics analysis of the solid acid catalysis suggested that setup is a greener method for furans production. Moreover, the catalysis reaction can be upscaled based on the use of cheaper precursors and a facile method of catalyst preparation.
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