Background: On November 18, 2019, a 57-year-old man from China's Hubei province got COVID-19, the first instance of coronavirus. It takes physicians in China more than a month to identify additional instances in Wuhan, China. Within a week, the coronavirus appeared in a Chinese seafood and meat market and swiftly expanded to at least 180 nations, killing over 125,000 people and infecting over a million. Method: Our data comprised the overall number of coronavirus cases, cases reported, repeated cases, and fatalities caused by the outbreak. For pandemic coronavirus, content method was used to analyze data from March 27, 2020, to May 24, 2020, in Pakistan. Results: COVID-19 had an impact on both developing countries and developed countries, according to the findings. Likewise, coronavirus active cases and fatalities have been documented in all parts of Pakistan. Conclusion: Coronavirus originated in China and now affects 180 nations, includes Pakistan. Pakistan is an impoverished country that is unprepared for a pandemic. As a result of this coronavirus Outbreak, Pakistan could confront a slew of difficulties in the future. Keywords: Coronavirus. COVID-19, Pakistan, health, Pandemic, Developing countries
Objective: The study aims to evaluate the outcomes of transnasal endoscopic surgical repair of CSF rhinorrhoea.Materials and Methods: After approval from the institutional ethical committee (DME-396-18) and patient consent, a descriptive study of 27 patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was conducted at Aziz Fatimah Trust Hospital Faisalabad from August 21, 2018, to February 7, 2021. Transnasal endoscopic surgical repair of Cerebrospinal fluid leak was performed by using multilayer technique using a graft from the inferior turbinate. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 20.Results: The most common site of the CSF leak was the left side of the cribriform plate (n=19,70%). The most common etiology was spontaneous (n=16,59%). At the same time, traumatic CSF leak (n=16,59%). was the second common etiological factor. The surgical procedure used in the study reported a 93%(n=25) success rate. The success rate was 97.5% on revision surgeries.Conclusion: Transnasal endoscopic surgical repair of CSF leak is one of the most effective and safe surgical interventions. Multilayer technique is not only safe but also has lesser complications. Moreover, this minimizes the risk for the development of secondary wounds as compared to other surgical processes.
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