Lipid supplements (oilseeds vegetables) are included in ruminant diet to increase its energy density and improve fatty acid composition of milk and consequently of fresh cheese. Milk and cheeses were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Zebu, fed diets enriched with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in concentrated supplement, which were supplied daily (3.0 kg). Milk and fresh cheese (p = 0.001) fatty acids C12:0 exhibited quadratic negative values. Milk fatty acids C13:0, C20:0, C18:2t10c12, and C20:2n-6 presented positive quadratic values. The milk C18:2n-6 decreased linearly and in fresh cheese exhibited an increasing linear effect (p = 0.016). However, the fatty acids grouped in milk fat were not affected. The medium-chain fatty acids varied negatively and quadratically (p = 0.045). There was no effect on milk and fresh cheese chemical composition (p > 0.05). The milk fat was increased (p = 0.0065) quadratically (minimum point of 24.7%). Thus, the addition of palm kernel cake to cow diets negatively altered the fatty acid profile, it raises the percentage OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 15435 of lauric (C12) and tridecanoic (C13) acids fat which is not beneficial to human health from a nutraceutical perspective, although it did not influence the atherogenicity index.

RESUMO -Com o objetivo de estudar a inclusão de 20, 35, 50, 65 ou 80% de farelo de melancia forrageira (Citrullus lanatus cv. citroides) (FMF) em dietas à base de feno de guandu (Cajanus cajan), foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade utilizando-se 20 cordeiros com 6 meses de idade e peso vivo de 11,2 ± 1,2 kg. O experimento constou de 20 dias de adaptação Levels of forage watermelon meal in diets for sheepABSTRACT -In order to study the inclusion of forage watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. Citroides) meal (FWM) in pigeon pea hay based diets (Cajanus cajan) (PPH), a digestibility trial in sheep was carried out for testing five levels of FWM (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%). Twenty lambs with an average age of six months and live weight of 11.2 kg (± 1.2) were used.The experimental period was twenty days for adaptation and five days for total refuses and feces collection. The chemical composition of diet ingredients was determined, being the levels of dry matter (DM) 95.3 and 95.75%, crude protein (CP) 18.7 and 16.8%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 38.8 and 64.3% for WFM and PPH, respectively. The water, DM, organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulosis (HCEL), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total carbohydrates (TCOH) intakes, as well as the DM, MO, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HCEL and TCOH digestibilities were accurately measured. The DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, HCEL and TCOH intakes showed a quadratic behavior according to the FMF levels. The ether extract intake remained unchanged, while the NFC intake was linearly positive. The DM (58%), MO (69%), NDF (41%) and EE (85%) digestibility coefficients were not significantly influenced by the forage watermelon meal levels. The OM (54 to 62%), ADF (36 to 49%) and TCOH (47 to 58%) digestibility ranged linear and positively, while the HCEL digestibility showed the opposite behavior. The experimental diets provided dry matter intake enough to meet the animal requirements. The digestibility coefficients observed were satisfactory. The forage watermelon meal can be used in the guandu hay based diets in the levels from 35 to 66% of dry matter.Key Words: digestive aspects, foods, lambs, nutrition IntroduçãoA ovinocaprinocultura é uma atividade sócio-econômica importante para famílias nordestinas e constitui alternativa capaz de proporcionar meios adequados à produção animal, desonerar custos e viabilizar a sustentação da população rural pelo aporte de renda e proteína alimentar.Atualmente, buscam-se opções alimentares para viabilizar a produção animal em duas vertentes. A primeira R. Bras.

Multiparous dairy cows (n=16) of the Holstein x Gir crossbreed, with an average weight of 436.6 kg (±59.7), were tested to determine the best level of Palm kernel cake in a dietary supplement for lactating cows at pasture. The experiment utilized a Latin square design, with the cows distributed in four Latin squares. Intake, digestibility of nutritional fractions, and the metabolic profile, as determined from blood parameters, were analyzed for grazing cattle with a dietary supplement containing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of palm kernel cake. Intake of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, nonfibrous carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients within the supplement, as well as the intake of total crude protein, total ether extract, and total nonfibrous carbohydrates, were negatively influenced by level of Palm kernel cake supplementation. The intake of dry matter had the mean values of 11.34 kg/day . The intake of crude protein decreased from 1.10 to 0.87 kg/day. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, nonfibrous carbohydrate, and total carbohydrates was significantly reduced with an increased percentage of Palm kernel cake in the supplement. The concentration of blood glucose was not affected by the amount of Palm kernel cake. However, these averages of urea nitrogen are still considered to be physiological norms. A decrease in intake, digestibility of crude protein and nonfibrous carbohydrates indicates that Palm kernel cake is not an adequate ingredient in nutritional supplements for dairy cows at pasture.

Com o objetivo de verificar o nível mais adequado de inclusão da torta de dendê no concentrado de vacas em lactação a pasto, utilizaram-se 16 vacas multíparas leiteiras cruzadas das raças Gir e Holandês, com peso médio de 436,6kg (±59,7) em delineamento experimental quadrado latino, com as vacas distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos, 4x4 simultâneos (quatro tratamentos x quatro períodos x quatro animais em cada tratamento). Foram avaliados a degradabilidade ruminal e o balanço energético em condições de pastejo, suplementado com concentrado, que continham os níveis de 0; 25; 50 e 75% de torta de dendê. Os valores das frações A, B e c na MS da torta de dendê foram 2,41, 66,65 e 0,0272% respectivamente. As degradabilidades potencial (DP) e efetiva (DE) da MS da torta de dendê foram: DP (69,06%), DE 2%/h (40,84%); 5%/h (25,91%) e 8%/h (19,34%), as frações B e I, 66,65% e 30,94% respectivamente. A disponibilidade energética para lactação e o consumo líquido de energia diminuíram linearmente com a inclusão de torta de dendê. O balanço energético, embora positivo, correlacionou-se negativamente com os todos os níveis inclusão de torta de dendê. O melhor nível de inclusão da torta de dendê é o zero. Contudo, na prática pode-se indicar o nível de 25% de torta de dendê no suplemento concentrado para vacas em lactação a pasto pela proximidade dos valores de disponibilidade energética com o nível mais adequado (0% torta de dendê).