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We synthesize current information on input, accumulation, and decay of coarse woody debris (CWD) compared with other aboveground litter to assess the role of CWD in the nutrient cycles of northern coniferous forests. CWD contributes between 3% and 73% of aboveground litter input, but <20% of N, P, K, and Ca. Although CWD accounts for up to 54% of accumulated organic matter (including forest floor and soil), it contributes <5% of the N, <10% of the P, and <25% of the K, Ca, and Mg. Decay rates of CWD in northern forests range from 0.0025 to 0.071 year-1. Nitrogen or P concentrations in CWD increase during decay, depending on the initial N/P ratio, which eventually converges at about 20. CWD is initially a sink for N and (or) P, whichever is least available, but becomes a source later in decay. CWD contributes <5% of the N released annually. There is little evidence that CWD retains significant amounts of excess N following disturbance. We conclude that CWD is of minor importance in the nutrient cycles of northern coniferous forests, and that guidelines for CWD retention should be based on other perceived benefits of CWD.

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Climate change affects peatlands directly through increased air temperatures and indirectly through changes in water-table level (WL). The interactions of these two still remain poorly known. We determined experimentally the separate and interactive effects of temperature and WL regime on factors of relevance for the inputs to the carbon cycle: plant community composition, phenology, biomass production, and shoot:root allocation in two wet boreal sedge-dominated fens, "southern" at 62°N and "northern" at 68°Ν. Warming (1.5°C higher average daily air temperature) was induced with open-top chambers and WL drawdown (WLD; 3-7 cm on average) by shallow ditches. Total biomass production varied from 250 to 520 g/m , with belowground production comprising 25%-63%. Warming was associated with minor effects on phenology and negligible effects on community composition, biomass production, and allocation. WLD clearly affected the contribution of different plant functional types (PFTs) in the community and the biomass they produced: shrubs benefited while forbs and mosses suffered. These responses did not depend on the warming treatment. Following WLD, aboveground biomass production decreased mainly due to reduced growth of mosses in the southern fen. Aboveground vascular plant biomass production remained unchanged but the contribution of different PFTs changed. The observed changes were also reflected in plant phenology, with different PFTs showing different responses. Belowground production increased following WLD in the northern fen only, but an increase in the contributions of shrubs and forbs was observed in both sites, while sedge contribution decreased. Moderate warming alone seems not able to drive significant changes in plant productivity or community composition in these wet ecosystems. However, if warming is accompanied by even modest WL drawdown, changes should be expected in the relative contribution of PFTs, which could lead to profound changes in the function of fens. Consequently, hydrological scenarios are of utmost importance when estimating their future function.

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[1] If boreal peatlands face drought more often due to climatic warming, the responses of vegetation may drastically change the functions of the ecosystem. We assessed the effects of water-level drawdown on plant-mediated organic matter (OM) and nutrient fluxes in a chronosequence of undrained and drained, originally sparsely treed fens. The chronosequence mimicked the reduced growing season moisture predicted by current climate change scenarios. In a pristine state, OM and nutrient fluxes were characterized by annual cycling through graminoids and mosses. Water-level drawdown initiated a ''forest succession,'' in which the OM and nutrient cycles shifted from being dominated by graminoids and mosses to dominance by arboreal vegetation in two decades. Simultaneously, the quantity and tissue type composition of annual litterfall, as well as the quantity and allocation of annual nutrient uptake, changed radically. The changes may have contrasting but as yet unexplored implications for the carbon and nutrient balances of these sites.

We analysed the response of microbial communities, characterized by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), to changing hydrological conditions at sites with different nutrient levels in a southern boreal peatland. Although PLFAs of Gram-negative bacteria were characteristic of the peatland complex, microbial communities differed among sites (ombrotrophic bog, oligotrophic fen, mesotrophic fen) and sampling depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm). The microbial communities in each site changed significantly following waterlevel drawdown. The patterns of change varied among sites and sampling depths. The relative proportion of Gram-negative bacteria decreased in the upper 10 cm but increased in deeper layers of the fen sites. Fungi benefited from water-level drawdown in the upper 5 cm of the mesotrophic fen, but suffered in the drier surfaces of the ombrotrophic bog, especially in the 5-10 cm layer. In contrast, actinobacteria suffered from water-level drawdown in the mesotrophic fen, but benefited in the drier surfaces of the ombrotrophic bog. Basal respiration rate correlated positively with pH and fungal PLFA, and negatively with depth. We suggest that the changes in microbial community structure after persistent water-level drawdown follow not only the hydrological conditions but also the patterns of vegetation change. Our results imply that changes in structure and activity of the microbial community in response to climate change will be strongly dependent on the type of peatland.

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