Background: Whilst many studies measure large numbers of biomechanical parameters and associate these to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk, they cannot be considered as anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors without evidence from prospective studies. A review was conducted to systematically assess the in vivo biomechanical literature to identify biomechanical risk factors for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury during dynamic sports tasks; and to critically evaluate the research trends from retrospective and associative studies investigating non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Methods: An electronic literature search was undertaken on studies examining in vivo biomechanical risk factors associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury. The relevant studies were assessed by classification; level 1 -a prospective cohort study, level 2 -a retrospective study or level 3 -an associative study. Findings: An initial search revealed 812 studies but this was reduced to 1 level 1 evidence study, 20 level 2 evidence studies and 175 level 3 evidence studies that met all inclusion criteria. Level 1 evidence showed that the knee abduction angle, knee abduction moment and ground reaction force were biomechanical risk factors. Nine level 2 studies and eightythree level 3 studies used these to assess risk factors in their study. Inconsistencies in results and methods were observed in level 2 and 3 studies. Interpretation: There is a lack of high quality, prospective level 1 evidence related to biomechanical risk factors for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury. More prospective cohort studies are required to determine risk factors and provide improved prognostic capability.

Mapping current research trends on neuromuscular risk factors of noncontact ACL injury.http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4214/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively.

Word count 198 of 250)Much inter-intra-tester kinematic and kinetic repeatability research exists, with a paucity of literature investigating their inter-laboratory equivalence. The objective of this research was to evaluate the interlaboratory equivalence between time varying unplanned sidestepping (UnSS) lower limb kinematics and kinetics. Eight elite female athletes completed an established UnSS procedure at two different motion capture laboratories (UK and Australia). Three dimensional time varying unplanned sidestepping joint kinematics and moments were compared. Discrete variables were change of direction angles and velocity. Waveform data were compared using mean differences, 1D 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and RMSE. Discrete variables were compared using 0D 95% CI. The mean differences and 95% CI for UnSS kinematics broadly supported equivalence between laboratories (RMSE≤5.1°). Excluding hip flexion/extension moments (RMSE=1.04Nm/kg), equivalence was also supported for time varying joint moments between laboratories (RMSE≤0.40Nm/kg). Dependent variables used to characterise UnSS were also equivalent. When consistent experimental and modelling procedures are employed, consistent time varying UnSS joint kinematic and moment estimates between laboratories can be obtained. We therefore interpret these results as support of equivalence, yet highlight the challenges of establishing between-laboratory experiments or data sharing, as well as establishing appropriate ranges of acceptable uncertainty. These findings are important for data sharing and multicentre trials.

The Satisfactory levels perceived and experiences from one planned fitness programme Fat to Fit- Just Do. It was for a group of clarity employees and adopted instrument’s reliability was r = .965. Its’ consisted of 8 dimensions: General Satisfaction, Treatment to Participants, Personal Skills of Participants, Instructors’ Presentation Skills, Instructors’ Effectiveness, Skill Acquisition, and Teamwork among Instructors with several items in each dimension. Participants were volunteer basis and had undergone one planned theory and practices session within one and the half day programme. The programme was fruitful which covered of fitness test, evaluation, dietarily and nutrition measurement among participants. Resulted descriptively showed highly satisfactory level achieved among 33 (Males = 8., Females = 25). Perhaps, experiential education theory based on outcome of this study showed all dimensions were undoubtfully at satisfied or very satisfied level (45% and 52% respectively). In addition, the study had justified those dimensions were gone through non parametric systematic with Kruskal Willis statistical method analysed by Friedman test ranked the most satisfied and to the least satisfied with mean rank from Instructor Presentation (4.75,1)., Instructor’ Effectiveness (4.55,2)., Personal Skill (4.50,3)., Teamwork of Instructor (4.45, 4)., Treatment to Participants (4.32, 5)., Skill Acquisition (4.24, 6)., General Satisfaction (4.23,7) respectively. This result concluded that fulfilled of the outcome - based education concerned. Therefore, it is highly recommended for implementation of more fitness programme such as Fat to Fit and at the same time considered researchers’ team of this programme were brilliant instructors in performing their expertise to conduct fitness programme and awareness of adults on important of self- fitness concerned.