In peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the customization of fatty acid profile is an evolving area to fulfill the nutritional needs in the modern market. A total of 174 peanut genotypes, including 167 Indian cultivars, 6 advanced breeding lines and “SunOleic95R”—a double mutant line, were investigated using AS-PCRs, CAPS and gene sequencing for the ahFAD2 allele polymorphism, along with its fatty acid compositions. Of these, 80 genotypes were found having substitution (448G>A) mutation only in ahFAD2A gene, while none recorded 1-bp insertion (441_442insA) mutation in ahFAD2B gene. Moreover, 22 wild peanut accessions found lacking both the mutations. Among botanical types, the ahFAD2A mutation was more frequent in ssp. hypogaea (89%) than in ssp. fastigiata (17%). This single allele mutation, found affecting not only oleic to linoleic acid fluxes, but also the composition of other fatty acids in the genotypes studied. Repeated use of a few selected genotypes in the Indian varietal development programs were also eminently reflected in its ahFAD2 allele polymorphism. Absence of known mutations in the wild-relatives indicated the possible origin of these mutations, after the allotetraploidization of cultivated peanut. The SNP analysis of both ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B genes, revealed haplotype diversity of 1.05% and 0.95%, while Ka/Ks ratio of 0.36 and 0.39, respectively, indicating strong purifying selection pressure on these genes. Cluster analysis, using ahFAD2 gene SNPs, showed presence of both mutant and non-mutant genotypes in the same cluster, which might be due the presence of ahFAD2 gene families. This investigation provided insights into the large number of Indian peanut genotypes, covering various aspects related to O/L flux regulation and ahFAD2 gene polymorphism.
The paper deals with the spatial and the temporal variability of the population dynamics of five key molluscan species at two rocky intertidal shores on the southern Saurashtra coastline of India. The intertidal belts of the two selected stations, Veraval and Diu, are about 100 km apart and differ in their coast characteristics and level of human interference. The slope and the substrate types of the two stations are not uniform and the exposure of intertidal belt of these predominantly rocky shores during low tides is also not significantly long. The study revealed that a general, species specific pattern of spatial and temporal variations existed in the population abundance and density of the species studied. There was considerable spatial variability in some species examined but most species showed no clear seasonal trends for the population abundance. The Veraval coast, in spite of being affected by heavy human interference, is still a favourable place for Chiton, Turbo cornatus and Turbo intercoastalis than Diu, though the latter is relatively less affected by anthropogenic influences. It appears that the subtratum type, short exposure duration and moderate wave action of the Arabian Sea are most active controlling factors for higher distribution of these species at Veraval.
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