Increasing living standards, urbanization, industry, and inadequate wastewater management are all contributing factors in the release of toxic wastewater into the aquatic environment.The industrial sectors producing dyes and pigments are seen as major environmental hazards due to the vast amounts of water they require throughout the manufacturing process. [1][2][3] Toxic organic pollutants, such as fertilizers, chlorinated solvents, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as nitroaromatic compounds, phenols, and dye-based chemicals, are already poisoning natural water sources. [4,5] Organic dyes, for example, are widely used in the textile industry, jute and threads industries, pharmaceutical industries, petrochemical industries, and other sectors and are discharged as effluent into water resources such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water. These organic dyes and their products are typically poisonous, and they have the potential to induce significant mutagenesis and carcinogenic consequences when they come into contact with living organisms. [6,7] Treatment of water contaminated with different chemical and biological pollutants has been accomplished via a variety of methods such as biological treatment, activated carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and electrochemical oxidation.
