Problem statement: The measurement of different components of direct solar radiation for this research has been carried out in Helwan, Egypt. Helwan (Latitude 29°52 N, Longitude 31°20 E). This is a considered as the largest polluted region in the world. The level of pollution in Helwan region is higher, compared to the international limit by about 7 or 10 times in industrial and populated region respectively. Approach: The daily variation for different components of solar radiation bands as global, direct (total, yellow, red and infrared) and diffuse solar radiation had been studied and discussed. The data measurements have been taken for nine years (1991-2000). Hourly data of solar irradiance on a horizontal plane had also been recorded simultaneously together with relative humidity and wind speed along with some traditional techniques for selecting the clear sky days of the period examined. Results: The results clearly showed seasonal dynamics in aerosol loading, type and perceptible water. Conclusion: Background levels of aerosols, which we defined as yellow color less than 0.10, had observed at almost all sites but varying frequencies
Study of Atmospheric turbidity is important for purposes of meteorology, ecology, climatology and monitoring of atmospheric pollution. Linke Turbidity factor (LT) is commonly used to model the attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere. The probable dependence on the water vapor content of the relationship linking LT to Angstromâs turbidity coefficient B, is discussed. In this study, a procedure for calculation of Linke turbidity factor is adopted using pyrheliometric measurements by Egyptian Typical Meteorological Year (ETMY) at a Thirteen stations at Egypt, during (from 1969 to 2006). Monthly variations of the LT turbidity factor are found in the three studied months, with a maximum in August and a minimum in July. Detailed studies on the effect of urbanization and industrialization on global solar radiation and the percentage values of radiation loss in the atmosphere, at Egypt, have been performed. The high values of LT (5-6) and B (0.48-0.52) lies between Lat. 28°N-30°N, low values of LT<3.5 and B<0.3 below of Lat. 26°N. 8 cities of the thirteen city used in the study are located in the maximum values of this period is the most civilized cities and concentrated a large part of the population which constitutes a danger to the health of the population and the spread of diseases resulting from atmospheric turbidity
The small size fraction of aerosols, measured as PM 10 and PM 2.5 , rather than the larger particles, is considered to be responsible for most of the health effects. Such particles have a relatively long residence time in the atmosphere and can therefore travel over long distances. Hence, a large portion of ambient concentrations of PM 10 and in particular of particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), can be attributed to long range trans boundary air pollution or to other remote sources. The estimates of exposure and of health effects are based on a number of uncertain assumptions and data sets, as described in previous article. Approach: In industrialized Middle East countries, the daily deposition of PM 10 particles in the lungs is roughly 250 µg day −1 , which represents a small dose in terms of traditional toxicology studies. Studies of PM 10 have considered this total material but have not asked how much its chemical or physical characteristics contribute to its total toxicity. Results: This article focuses on the description of the present knowledge on PM 10 concentration fields and predominant sources contributing to PM 10 from long range transport of pollution. PM 10 is a complex mixture of many known and unknown components; therefore, a short introduction on the composition of PM 10 is given. The studies denote to the African dust from mean PM 10 levels background levels are still 5-10 mg m 3 higher in the Eastern Basin (EMB) when compared with those in the Western (WMB), mainly due to the higher anthropogenic and sea spray loads. Conclusion: As regards for the seasonal trends, these are largely driven by the occurrence of African dust events, resulting in a spring-early summer maximum over the EMB and a clear summer maximum in the WMB, although in this later region the recirculation of aged air masses play an important role. Furthermore, a marked seasonal trend is still evident when subtracting the African dust load. This is characterized by a high summer maximum (driven by low precipitation, high isolation) and a winter minimum (intense synoptic winds).
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