The ability to use abstract rules or principles allows behavior to generalize from specific circumstances. We have previously shown that such rules are encoded in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and premotor cortex (PMC). Here, we extend these investigations to two other areas directly connected with the PFC and the PMC, the inferior temporal cortex (ITC) and the dorsal striatum (STR). Monkeys were trained to use two abstract rules: "same" or "different". They had to either hold or release a lever, depending on whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different, and depending on which rule was in effect. The rules and the behavioral responses were reflected most strongly and, on average, tended to be earlier in the PMC followed by the PFC and then the STR; few neurons in the ITC reflected the rules or the actions. By contrast, perceptual information (the identity of the pictures used as sample and test stimuli) was encoded more strongly and earlier in the ITC, followed by the PFC; they had weak, if any, effects on neural activity in the PMC and STR. These findings are discussed in the context of the anatomy and posited functions of these areas.
Blais B, Frenkel M, Kuindersma S, Muhammad R, Shouval HZ, Cooper LN, Bear MF. Recovery from monocular deprivation using binocular deprivation. J Neurophysiol 100: 2217-2224, 2008. First published July 23, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.90411.2008. Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a robust paradigm for examining the functional consequences of synaptic plasticity. Previous experimental and theoretical results have shown that OD plasticity can be accounted for by known synaptic plasticity mechanisms, using the assumption that deprivation by lid suture eliminates spatial structure in the deprived channel. Here we show that in the mouse, recovery from monocular lid suture can be obtained by subsequent binocular lid suture but not by dark rearing. This poses a significant challenge to previous theoretical results. We therefore performed simulations with a natural input environment appropriate for mouse visual cortex. In contrast to previous work, we assume that lid suture causes degradation but not elimination of spatial structure, whereas dark rearing produces elimination of spatial structure. We present experimental evidence that supports this assumption, measuring responses through sutured lids in the mouse. The change in assumptions about the input environment is sufficient to account for new experimental observations, while still accounting for previous experimental results. I N T R O D U C T I O NOcular dominance (OD) plasticity in visual cortex is a powerful paradigm to study how experience and deprivation modify connections in the brain. In the classic experiments of Wiesel and Hubel, a rapid ocular dominance shift was achieved through the occlusion of one eye (Law et al. 1994;Wiesel and Hubel 1963). Monocular lid suture (MS) causes cortical neurons to lose responsiveness to the deprived eye by a process that is dependent on the structure of activity in the deprived eye (Blakemore 1976;Rittenhouse et al. 1999Rittenhouse et al. , 2006 and not simply on the decrease in light intensity. Various deprivation experiments that were traditionally performed in cats and have recently been replicated in rodents (Frenkel and Bear 2004;Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2007;Sawtell et al. 2003). Among other advantages, rodent visual cortex is amenable to chronic monitoring of the changes caused by deprivation. The results have challenged existing notions about the mechanisms responsible for deprivation.We have previously shown that the Bienenstock, Cooper and Munro (BCM) (Bienenstock et al. 1982) learning rule, implemented in simulations with patterned environments composed of natural images, can account for normal rearing and various deprivation experiments (Blais et al. 1999;Law et al. 1994). Modeling studies of ocular dominance plasticity were based on the assumption that inputs to the cortex from the deprived channel are active, but lack a spatial structure (i.e., correlations). We have even been able to account for the difference between deprivation using MS and deprivation caused by a TTX injection into the eye [monocular inactivation (M...
This research explains about community social control toward deviant behavior of adolescents in Parepare City, especially community social control toward adolescents who are dating in the sharia park. Qualitative research methods were used to explore and understand the meaning of the problem studies, on the basis of case study research. There were seven informants in this research, consisting of community leaders, people who lived around the park, and visitors of the sharia park. The results of the research revealed that adolescent dating behavior was still considered in the category of relative deviation. Thus, the community that controls adolescents starting from the form, nature, and control processes are very weak. This was because the community would only control optimally when the courtship of adolescents in the sharia park had entered the stage of intimacy or sexual self-disclosure. The lack of community social control was caused by lack of socialization, government oversight and a variety of existing values and norms. Keywords: social control, deviant behavior, dating of adolescent.
Pemilihan gubernur Sulawesi Selatan (Pilgub Sulsel) yang digelar serentak pada 27 Juni bersama dengan 11 pemilihan kepala daerah (Pilkada) kabupaten/kota, berhasil membuat dua media yakni harian Radar Makassar dan Rakyat Sulsel menjadi terbelah dalam mengemas berita terkait empat pasangan calon guna memenuhi kepentingan ekonomi politik tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji wacana media dalam hubungannya dengan kekuasaan dan kepentingan yang mengitarinya dalam konteks praktik politik di Pemilihan Gubernur (Pilgub)Sulsel, dan dinamika apa yang terjadi di dalam ruang redaksi (politic of redactur) serta relasi kuasa yang tercipta lewat teks yang akan dibentuk menjadi berita politik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan paradigma kritis sebagai metodologinya, dan data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap wartawan yang terlibat dalam produksi pemberitaan , termasuk redaktur dan pimpinan media yang menjadi objek penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kedua media ini menjadikan kontestasi wacana sebagai mekanisme kontrol atau swasentor atas pemberitaan mereka. Dalam penelitian ini, kuasa ekonomi politik di balik praktik swasensor ini diperkaya dengan dimensi permainan kuasa di antara individu wartawan dan praktik swasensor yang telah menjadi habitus harian Radar Makassar dan Rakyat Sulsel. Praktik swasensor itu dilakukan demi melayani kepentingan kapital dan kepentingan “raja-raja kecil” yang berkuasa di jajaran redaksi.
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