Optimal control can be helpful to test and compare different vaccination strategies of a certain disease. This study investigates a mathematical model of HIV infections in terms of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which describes the interactions between the human immune systems and the HIV virus. We introduce chemotherapy in an early treatment setting through a dynamic treatment and then solve for an optimal chemotherapy strategy. The aim is to obtain a new optimal chemotherapeutic strategy where an isoperimetric constraint on the chemotherapy supply plays a crucial role. We outline the steps in formulating an optimal control problem, derive optimality conditions and demonstrate numerical results of an optimal control for the model. Numerical results illustrate how such a constraint alters the optimal vaccination schedule and its effect on cell-virus interactions.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health challenges in Bangladesh. Though the country has achieved commendable success in Tuberculosis control, yet this success may deem out unless effective TB treatment control measures are taken based on strong general infection control for the diseases over the country. This study aimed to assess facilitators for health seeking practice among the urban and rural peoples Bangladesh. Methods: Present study used secondary data extracted from nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS-2011) between May 2, 2014 & August 14, 2014, on TB patients receiving TB treatments in Urban and Rural areas from Seven Divisions of Bangladesh. Results: Out of 1596 study subjects, 226 TB patients took TB treatment of which Most of the TB patients were from urban (143, 63.3%), others from Rural (83, 36.7%) areas. Availability of treatment for TB from government/public health authorities are known to 116(51.3%) and 82(36.3%) from urban and rural areas respectively. Our study reflects most of the Tuberculosis medicine facility stored in respective urban service site (122, 54%) where else no Tuberculosis medicine facility in rural areas is 21(9.3%). The study has found that, most long term treatment facility has been provided in urban areas compared to rural areas and no association was found between methods to diagnose TB between urban/rural areas. Conclusions: Perceptions of TB and awareness associated with the disease increase the treatment scenarios, therefore promotion of media awareness campaign, engaging the rural people for treatment and effective community service all over the country is needed to increase treatment facility in the future.
Background: As a public limited company in Bangladesh, Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited has been struggling to establish itself as a profitable company after taking many initiatives. The work presented in this article constitutes a contribution to modeling and forecasting the financial positionof Biman Bangladesh by using a time series approach.Methodology: The article demonstrates how the income and expenditure data could be utilized to forecast future profit scenarios by developing several Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series with the regression model. Utilizing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values, we identify the best fit ARIMA model and use this to forecast the financial scenarios for the subsequent years. To successfully build the model we use R Programming. Results and Conclusion: The model predicts future values of income, expenditure and using these two, the profit or loss scenarios can be used for forecasting from year 2018 to 2025. The results forecast that Income would increase or decrease in contest of the Expenditure. As a result Biman Bangladesh may have face significant losses in the years 2020, 2021 and 2024.
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