Introduction: Women with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy are more likely to deliver premature or low birth weight babies and having a 20 40 percent increased risk of developing pyelonephritis during pregnancy compared with women without bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a microbiological diagnosis based on urine culture from persons without signs or symptoms of urinary tract infection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women and also to determine the relationship between the asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria to isolate the causative pathogens and to find out the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Methods: A total of 540 urine specimen were collected from 540 asymptomatic pregnant women for urinary tract infection, over a period 2 years from January 2011 to December 2012 at Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Hospital, Pilkhana, Dhaka. All specimens were processed using standard microbiological procedures. All the subjects were evaluated for bacteriuria. Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 10.2% . Pyuria was found in 15.9% of cases. Escherichia coli (80%) was the commonest causative agent of asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.5%) and Pseudomonas spp.(5.5%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be highly sensitive to most of the isolates. 64 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Conclusion: Screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy and proper treatment of diagnosed cases must be considered as an essential part of antenatal care in our country. To prevent complications of asymptomatic bacteriuria, all pregnant women should be screened at the first antenatal visit. A negative test for pyuria is not a reliable indicator of the absence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21830 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013
BackgroundThe resistance of antimicrobial agents in pathogenic bacteria has become a significant public health problem. According to Magiorakos et al,(1) this pattern occasionally extends to multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) or even pandrug drug-resistant (PDR). Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as a different type of infection which is caused by the abovementioned resistant bacteria. It is known that UTI is the most common infection in the world, especially Bangladesh. This infection is due to the main colonization of normal and opportunistic microflora (2). In the third world country like Bangladesh, the rate of UTI patients is high due to poor hygiene, long time catheterization, uncontrolled sexual intercourse, pregnancy, spermicidal contraception, and the like (3-6).Many of antibiotics and their super generations are used to prevent the UTIs. Unfortunately, several studies indicate that many uropathogens have become resistant to a wide range of antibiotics due to abuse, overuse,
Introduction: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial diseases worldwide that can present as asymptomatic or symptomatic characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis or even death. Increase in resistance of urinary pathogens to conventional antimicrobial agents is gaining the attention of many microbiologists worldwide in respect to treatment of urinary tract infection. Since the pattern of bacterial resistance is continuously changing, the monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility pattern becomes more important.Objective: The objective of this study was to update the distribution of current urinary pathogens and to find out their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.Methods: A Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at Border Guard Hospital (BGB Hospital) Peelkhana, Dhaka during the period of February 2013 to September 2013. A total of three hundred ninety urine samples were collected from patients with suspected UTI. All the samples were clean catch mid stream urine. Urine samples were cultured on MacConkey agar medium and blood agar medium. Colony counts yielding single type of bacterial growth of 105 CFU/ml were deemed significant.Results: Out of 390 samples, 49(12.56%) samples were culture positive. The isolated organisms were identified by conventional methods and were subjected to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauers disc diffusion method. Escherichia coli (E.coli) was found as the most prevalent isolates 31(63.26%) followed by klebsiella spp 06(12.24%), Enterobacter spp o4(8.17%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 04(8.17%), Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus) 02(4.08%) and Enterococcus spp 02(4.08%). Eight antimicrobial agents namely Amoxycillin, Co-trimoxazole, Levofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem and Amikacin were used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The most effective drug found against urinary isolates was Imipenem (95.91%), followed by Amikacin (81.63%) and Ceftriaxone (69.38%). None of the drug found was 100% effective against urinary pathogens. E.coli was found to be fairly sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin and Nitrofurantoin.Conclusion: Urinary tract infection remains one of the most common bacterial infections. Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasing among urinary pathogens. This study updated the current occurrence of urinary pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. We recommend periodical determination of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens in a particular hospital or area.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014
Introduction: The most common contemporary strategy to diagnose chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection consists of initial screening with an HCV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) antibody test followed by supplemental testing of positive screening tests with a quantitative HCV RNA assay to confirm the positive EIA and to determine whether they have active or resolved hepatitis C infection. Objectives: To detect and quantify HCV-RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) among anti-HCV positive patients and to identify the socio demographic factors among these patients. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study which was conducted in Combined Military Hospital and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka cantonment. A total of 108 anti-HCV positive patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), who were clinically suspected and advised for anti-HCV test, were selected randomly for the study and subjected to do HCV-RNA analysis during the period of October 2016 to September 2017. Results: Out of 108 anti-HCV positive patients by ELISA, HCV-RNA was detected in 72 (66.7%) cases with mean value of HCV RNA quantification was 2013323.95±2695207.41 (IU/ ml). Majority of anti-HCV positive patients (29.6%) belonged to 51-60 years age group with male predominance (58.33%). It was observed that 43.52% patients came from middle income group family, 31.48% came from poor and 25.0% came from high income group family. Risk factor for HCV infected population was found maximum in dialysis patients (47.37%), followed by blood transfusion (13.89%), Injecting drug User (IDUs) (12.04%), surgery & intervention (9.26%) and sexual transmission (1.85%). Mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was found 67.30±44.99 U/L among HCV-RNA detected patients (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The quantification of HCV RNA by RT-PCR will be helpful to rationalize the treatment, enhance antiviral responses and mitigate mortalities of HCV infected patients. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 84-86
The present study was conducted amongst fourth and fifth year MBBS students of six medical colleges (4 govt. & 2 nongovt.) of Bangladesh to study their views regarding hidden curriculum and its effects on students learning in undergraduate medical education. A total of 637 students were included in the study. Out of 637 students, 393(61.7%) were female and 244(38.3%) male students. Three hundred and fifty (54.95%) were from fourth year and 287(45.05%) students were from fifth year MBBS. Most of the students (96.7%) agreed that teachers' good behavior with students influences students' active participation in the class. The mean score was highly satisfactory(mean 4.68 ± 0.643). Of the total responded students, 58.9% strongly agreed that teachers' good behavior with parents influences students to do the same, and mean score was highly satisfactory. More than 87% agreed that teachers' good behavior with colleagues influence students to do so. The mean score was 4.40 ± 0.730 and it was also highly satisfactory. Around 70% of the students strongly agreed that teachers' good behavior with the patients and attendances influences students to maintain similar behavior and attitude with the patients and attendances. The mean score was 4.64 ± 0.643. As per views' of the students, teachers' depth of knowledge, devotion to the work, interest in the subject, honesty, fairness, teachers' language and art of expression also affects students learning. The mean score was more than four as opined by the students in favor of institutional educational environment, cultural norms, values, traditions all of which can affect students' learning. Teachers' humiliation of the students, gender discriminations, social class difference, and students' politics in the institutes all can affect students' learning badly. After data analysis it was observed that many of the hidden factors normally exists in the institutes that affect students' learning positively and others affect negatively.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.9(1) 2018: 2-6
Introduction: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis is a reproductive tract infection which remains a common cause of morbidity adversely affecting women’s physical and emotional health. Vaginal discharge in the childbearing age group is the most common complaint encountered every day both by gynaecologists and general practitioners. Among the cases of symptomatic vaginal discharge, Bacterial vaginosis is the commonest cause followed by Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis. It is characterized by curd-like vaginal discharge and itching and is associated with considerable health and economic costs. Objective: To detect the prevalence of Candida species in patients with complaints of vaginal discharge of reproductive age group attending at Child Welfare Centre (CWC), Gynaecology Outpatient Department (GOPD) and Medical Inspection Room (MI Room) of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Ghatail. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at CMH Ghatail during the period of April 2017 to October 2017. A total of 183 patients of reproductive age group with the complaints of vaginal discharge attending CWC, GOPD and MI Room of CMH Ghatail were included in this study. Two specimens of High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were collected from each patient, one for direct microscopy and another for culture. For every patient, two wet film preparations and two Gram’s staining were done. Specimens were cultured on Blood Agar Medium and Sabourad’s Dextrose Agar Medium. Identification of Candida species was carried out by Wet film, Gram’s staining and culture examination. Results: According to the results of this study, the prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) was found in 57(31.15%) of the cases. The maximum number of patients 126(66.66%) were found between 26 years to 35 years of age group. On the other hand, amongst 57 VVC positive cases, 44(77.19%)were identified as Candida albicans and 13(22.81%) were Candida non-albicans. Conclusion: Candida albicans is the predominant organism amongst candida species identified from VVC in this study. The high prevalence necessitates adequate screening of woman with vaginal discharge in order to give appropriate treatment and to avoid complications associated with it. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.13(1) 2017: 13-16
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