A new, rapid and efficient reverse phase Liquid Chromatography (RP-LC) method was developed for determination of Gibberellin A4 (GA4) in samples of flower stalk of Dasylirion cedrosanum and vegetative tissue of Epithelantha micromeris. Purification of GA4 was carried out by solid phase extraction (SPE), in Epithelantha micromeris. In the chromatography method was obtaining a retention time of 2.1 min, using Hypersil GOLD C-18 column (100 × 4.6 mm dim and size particle 5 µ), mobile phase 50/50 acetonitrile/water and a flow 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out by a UV detector set at 205 nm, and a quantization limit of 0.4 mg/L. The obtained correlation coefficient was 0.995.
Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en el ejido Pueblo Nuevo, estado de Durango, México. El objetivo es establecer una metodología para modelar y crear la división dasocrática de zonas forestales hasta nivel de subrodal. Para ello se utilizó información topográfica del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) escala 1:50 000 y una imagen de satélite Landsat-ETM+ del 8 de abril del 2000. A partir de la información topográfica se generó un modelo digital de elevación con resolución espacial de 15 x 15 m, y se modelaron cuencas, subcuencas, microcuencas, submicrocuencas y cauces. La imagen Landsat-ETM+ fue remuestreada a 15 x 15 m con ayuda de la imagen pancromática para obtener mayor resolución espacial. Se clasificó la imagen por medio de estadísticas supervisadas con trabajo de campo para mapear los diferentes tipos de comunidades vegetales y usos de suelo. Se digitalizaron los rodales actuales creados por los prestadores de servicios técnicos forestales del ejido para su comparación. A partir del modelo digital de elevación se generaron los modelos de pendientes y exposición, para buscar asociación comparativa con los polígonos de rodales actuales. Se comparó la distribución de comunidades vegetales clasificadas contra el modelo de exposición para determinar patrones preferenciales de distribución. Los rodales modelados fueron obtenidos de la integración de las submicrocuencas modeladas y del modelo de patrones preferenciales de distribución de la vegetación. Y los subrodales fueron generados de la integración de los rodales modelados y de la clasificación de tipos de vegetación de la imagen Landsat-ETM+.
Over the past three decades, woody species potentially useful for reforestation, fuelwood, coal and timber production have been over-exploited along the Gulf of Mexico, which has led to a gradual decline in the plant population and the progressive degradation of the environment. The present research evaluated the establishment, growth, and production of fuelwood from a plantation of five eucalyptus species planted in randomly arranged plots on a cleared clayey loam alkali soil in a semi-arid region of northeastern Mexico for a 20 year period. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and E. microtheca showed the highest average height growth rate (1.07 m year-1, 0.93 m year-1 and 0.85 m year-1, respectively). E. camaldulensis showed the highest volume values at 20 years (58.55 m3 ha-1), followed by E. tereticornis (54.15 m3 ha-1) and E. microtheca (51.91 m3 ha-1). E. sideroxylun and E. crebra yielded the lowest tree volumes (35.12 m3 ha-1 and 30.45 m3 ha-1, respectively). The results have shown that the adaptability of eucalyptus species to the climate of the subtropical regions allows their use in combination with the native vegetation to colonize degraded areas offering services in timber and non-timber products to the local population. In addition, the production of exotic trees with large trunk diameter with few side branches may increase the volume of the wood exploited and the income to the owner of the land and, thus, reduce the pressure on the native species.
Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, they must comply with energy efficiency requirements and contribute to environmental protection. This study was focused on elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine) of different plants’ components (stems, branches, twigs and leaves) from pyrolysed (charcoal) and non-pyrolysed samples of five semi-arid trees: Acacia berlandieri, A. wrightii, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens and Helietta parvifolia. Carbon fluctuated from 80.77% to 89.30% in charcoal and 44.99% to 49.70% in non-pyrolysed biomass, and hydrogen ranged from 2.38% to 2.69% in charcoal and 5.89% to 6.62% in non-pyrolysed biomass. Nitrogen accounted for 0.39%–0.65% (branches) and 0.32%–0.64% (stems) in charcoal, and the ranges for non-pyrolyzed material were 2.33–4.00% (leaves), 1.06%–1.76% (twigs), 0.21%–0.52% (branches) and 0.15%–0.28% (stems). Considerably higher concentrations of sulphur compared to chlorine were found, with increasing values for both elements from the base of trees to the leaves. Non-pyrolysed samples were characterized by 68.05 mg/kg–769.16 mg/kg (stems), 118.02 mg/kg–791.68 mg/kg (branches), 225.11 mg/kg–1742.25 mg/kg (twigs) and 374.73 mg/kg–6811.52 mg/kg (leaves) for sulphur, and 117.86 mg/kg–528.08 mg/kg (stems), 109.18 mg/kg–464.15 mg/kg (branches), 905.47 mg/kg–4205.19 mg/kg (twigs) and 2799.68 mg/kg–5072.76 mg/kg (leaves) for chlorine. In charcoal, the concentration ranges for sulphur were 47.54 mg/kg–376.95 mg/kg (branches) and 42.73–292.20 mg/kg (stems) and 139.34 mg/kg–419.68 mg/kg (branches) and 177.39 mg/kg–479.16 (stems) for chlorine. The study has shown that pyrolysis increased the amount of carbon and decreased the amount of hydrogen. Coincidentally, the amount of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur could be decreased significantly by pyrolysis which means an improvement of the fuel considering the flue gas emissions. Besides the influence of the type of combustion plant and the influence of the source of biofuel, the treatment has a significant influence on the amount and composition of flue gases emitted in the combustion.
ResumenDasylirion cedrosanum es una planta dioica de importancia comercial en la industria de las bebidas alcohólicas, de la cual se desconoce su composición bioquímica y fisiología hormonal. Debido a la importancia fisiológica que tienen las fitohormonas en la formación, desarrollo y diferenciación de tejidos se consideró la cuantificación de la giberelina A4 (GA4) y trans zeatina ribósido (tZR) en diferentes órganos de plantas estaminadas y pistiladas de D. cedrosanum. La cuantificación de ambas hormonas se realizó en hojas, corona e inflorescencia de plantas de D. cedrosanum colectadas en el 2013 en General Cepeda, México. Los valores más altos de GA4 fueron encontrados en las hojas (0.10 ± 0.02 mg g -1 PS y 0.15 ± 0.03 mg g -1 PS) sin observarse diferencias entre sexos. El mayor contenido de tZR fue cuantificado en las coronas (0.09 ± 0.01 mg g -1 PS y 0.10 ± 0 mg g -1 PS) de plantas estaminadas y pistiladas, así como en las hojas de plantas estaminadas (0.09 ± 0.01 mg g -1 PS). Solo el promedio global de GA4 denotó diferencias, presentándose el valor más alto en las plantas estaminadas. Los niveles cuantificados en cada órgano son un punto de partida para establecer las bases fisiológicas de las respuestas hormonales en Dasylirion cedrosanum. AbstractDasylirion cedrosanum is a dioecious plant of commercial importance in the industry of alcoholic beverages, of which its biochemical composition and hormonal physiology is unknown. Due to the physiological importance of plant hormones in the formation, development and tissue differentiation, it was considered the quantification of gibberellin A4 (GA4) and trans zeatin riboside (tZR) in different organs of staminate and pistillate plants of D. cedrosanum. Quantification of both hormones was performed on leaves, crown and inflorescences of D. cedrosanum plants collected in 2013 in General Cepeda, Mexico. The highest values of GA4 were found in the leaves (0.10±0.02 mg g -1 DW and 0.15±0.03 mg g -1 DW) with no differences between sexes. The highest content of tZR was quantified in the crowns (0.09 ± 0.01 mg g -1 DW and 0.10 ± 0 mg g -1 DW) of staminate and pistillate plants, thus in leaves from staminate plants (0.09 ± 0.01 mg g -1 DW). Only the global average of GA4 denoted differences, presenting the highest value in staminate plants. Quantified levels in each of the organs are a starting point to establish the physiological basis of hormonal responses in Dasylirion cedrosanum. IntroducciónDentro de las plantas dioicas con importancia comercial encontramos a las del género Dasylirion, el cual recientemente ha sido ubicado dentro de la familia Asparagaceae (APG III, 2009) y cuya distribución comprende la región del desierto Chihuahuense y la Región Árida del Norte de América (Martorell y Ezcurra, 2002). La importancia de las plantas de este género radica en que algunas de sus especies como lo son: D. duranguense, D. wheeleri y D. cedrosanum son empleadas para la elaboración de una bebida alcohólica conocida con el nombre de "sotol" (NOM-159-SCFI-2004;De La Garza...
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