Executive brain functions are innate mechanisms for regulating behavior. While the impact of suboptimal executive functions has been characterized in patients, their contribution to individual success has not been elucidated. We set out to understand how executive functions relate to successful human behavior by examining their relation to game intelligence in sport-the ability to read a game and quickly adapt the behavior. In elite soccer players (n = 51), those playing in national teams (national team players) significantly outperformed those only playing at premier league level (premier league players) in Design Fluency (DF), a complex visuo-spatial executive function test that includes measures of creativity and cognitive flexibility. Their result showed a moderate correlation with coach rated game intelligence, remained also when correcting for low level cognitive capacity and was most evident when considering cognitive flexibility. DF capacity also correlated with number of assists made during the season but not with number of made goals during the same period, linking the fast planning of several steps in DF to fast planning of several steps in the soccer game. Altogether, our data suggests that DF capacity relates to success in soccer both on a subjective and on an objective level.
According to the previous studies, the role of psychological factors in the incidence of heart disease is undeniable. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between behavioral and metacognitive brain systems sensitivity and emotion regulation in heart patients. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study consists of patients (n=180) with heart failure in the Cardiovascular Center of Shahid Madani Tabriz, Iran in 2018. The sample was selected based on the Morgan table and using the available sampling method (n=120). Gary Wilson's personality questionnaires, Wells metacognition, and Gratz and Romer's emotional disorder were used to collect data. Results: Our findings have shown that emotional disorder has a negative and significant relationship with the behavioral activating system and a positive and significant relationship with behavioral inhibition systems and war and escape. There is also a positive and significant relationship between emotional distress and positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about worry, cognitive confidence, and cognitive awareness. There was no relationship between emotional disorder and superstition, punishment, and responsibility. The results of regression analysis also showed that volatile variables, behavioral inhibition system, and behavioral activator were able to predict changes in emotional variability in heart patients, respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity of behavioral and metacognitive brain systems plays an important role in emotion regulation in patients with heart failure.
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