Industrial symbiosis is a collaboration of several industries to share their necessities such material, energy, technology as well as waste management. As a part of industrial ecology, in principle, this system attempts to emulate ecosystem where waste of an organism is being used by another organism, therefore there is no waste in the nature. This system becomes an effort to optimize resources (material and energy) as well as minimize waste. Considerable, in a symbiosis incure material and energy flows among industries. Material and energy in an industry are known as cost carriers, thus flow analysis in this system can be conducted in perspective of material, energy and cost, or called as material flow cost accounting (MFCA) that is an economic and ecological appraisal approach. Previous researches shown that MFCA implementation could be used to evaluate an industry’s environmental-related efficiency as well as in planning, business control and decision making. Moreover, the MFCA has been extended to assess environmental performance of SMEs Cluster or industrial symbiosis in SMEs Cluster, even to make preliminary design of an industrial symbiosis base on a major industry. This paper describes the use of MFCA to asses performance of SMEs industrial symbiosis and to improve the performance.
Sugar is one of the main commodities that are needed for human life. The demand of sugar is very high with the trend increase from year to year. This condition makes the sugar industry become a leading industry that must be maintained sustainability. The sustainability of the sugar industry is influenced by the use of energy and natural resources and the resulting environmental impacts. Therefore, an effort is needed to analyze the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts resulting from a product (sugar), by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a very important tool for the analysis of a process/system from its cradle to grave. This technique is very useful in the estimation of energy usage and environmental load of a product/system. This paper aims to describe the main elements of sugar industries using Life Cycle Assessment.
Post-harvest handling / processing of fishery commodities requires large amounts of water and energy to overcome their perishable properties. Water is needed as raw/auxiliary material and to ensure that the production process and its environment meet the sanitary and hygiene principles. Meanwhile, large amount of energy is required for the transportation of raw materials and products, cold chain system during the process and operations of processing machines. They contribute towards the environmental impact of fish processing. This study used life cycle assessment to estimate the potential environmental impact of small scale mackerel fish processing. The results showed that the fish processing has contributed to 0.079 kg SO 2 eq acidification potential, 9.66 kg CO 2 eq climate chang-GWP 100, 0.02 kg PO 4 eq Eutrophication-generic, 0.17 kg 1.4 DCB eq human toxicity-HTP inf, and 0.0015 kg ethylene eq photochemical oxidation-high NO x. Wastewater treatment implementation simulation showed elimination of direct emissions that contribute to eutrophication and increasing the potential of other process associated with energy consumption.
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